Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa ibitekerezo kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ubyerekeza mu Kilatini (Latin) ni inzira isaba ubushishozi buhanitse, ubumenyi bw'imikorere y'indimi zombi, hamwe no gusobanukirwa umuco n'amateka bifitanye isano na zo. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Abantu (Bantu language) rukoresha uburyo bw'amatome (agglutinating language), aho amagambo aremwa hifashishijwe uturemajambo twomekwa ku giceri cy'ijambo. Ku rundi ruhande, ikilatini ni ururimi rwa kinyamuryango cy'indimi z'u Burayi n'Ubuhinde (Indo-European language) rushingiye cyane ku nteko z'ikibonezamvugo n'imihindagurikire y'amagambo (inflectional grammar), aho ijambo rihindura isura cyangwa imiterere yaryo biterwa n'uruhare rikina mu nteruro. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse inzira, inzitizi, n'inama z'ingenzi zafasha umuhinduzi wese ushaka guhuza izi ndimi zombi zitandukanye cyane haba mu mateka no mu miterere.
Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo: Amatome y'Ikinyarwanda n'Amategeko y'Ikilatini
Imwe mu nzitizi zikomeye mu buhinduzi bwo kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Kilatini ihera ku buryo indimi zombi zubaka izina n'inshinga. Mu Kinyarwanda, izina ryubakwa hagendewe ku nteko z'amazina (noun classes), aho buri zina rigira akaremajambo k'imbere (prefix) kerekana inteko n'umubare (ubumwe cyangwa ubwinshi). Urugero, amagambo nka "umuntu" (inteko ya 1, ubumwe) na "abantu" (inteko ya 2, ubwinshi) afite inyito ishingiye ku nteko. Ikilatini cyo ntikigira inteko z'amazina nk'iz'Ikinyarwanda; ahubwo rikoresha uburyo bw'amadeklinesiyo (declensions) atanu n'uburyo bw'ibitsina by'amazina (gender: kigabo, kigore, cyangwa kutagira igitsina).
Mu Kilatini, ijambo "homo" (umuntu) rihinduka "hominis", "homini", "hominem", cyangwa "homine" bitewe n'uko ryakoreshejwe mu nteruro: niba ari umukora (subject), ugerwaho n'igikorwa (direct object), cyangwa ugenerwabikorwa (indirect object). Umuhinduzi agomba gufata izina ry'Ikinyarwanda, akamenya uruhare ryaryo mu nteruro, hanyuma akarihindura mu Kilatini akoresheje imiterere (case) ikwiye nka Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, cyangwa Vocative. Ibi bisaba kureka burundu guhindura ijambo ku rindi (word-for-word translation), ahubwo umuntu akibanda ku miterere y'interuro yose hamwe.
Uruhare rw'Inshinga n'Imigereka mu Buhinduzi
Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda ziba zifite amakuru menshi cyane yometse ku giceri cyazo. Inshinga imwe y'Ikinyarwanda irashobora kuba irimo akaremajambo k'umukora, igihe (amateka, ubungubu, cyangwa ejo hazaza), inteko y'ugerwaho, ndetse n'imigereka y'inshinga (verbal extensions) nka "-ish-", "-er-", "-an-", cyangwa "-ur-". Urugero, inshinga nka "ndabikora" irimo umukora ("n-"), ugerwaho ("-bi-"), n'inshinga nyirizina ("-kora"). Mu Kilatini, naho inshinga irimo uturemajambo twerekana igihe, uburyo (mood), n'umukora (person), ariko ntigira uburyo bwo kwerekana ugerwaho (object infix) mu buryo bumwe n'Ikinyarwanda.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, guhindura inshinga nka "ndamukunda" mu Kilatini bisaba guhuza inshinga "amo" (gukunda) mu muntu wa mbere w'ubumwe ("amo" bisobanuye "ndakunda") hanyuma ugerwaho (hominem cyangwa eum) akaza nk'ijambo ryigenga mu nteko ya Accusative, cyangwa bikajya mu buryo bw'inyongera. Ub wo buryo bwo gusesengura inshinga mbere yo kuzihindura mu Kilatini ni bwo butuma umuhinduzi asabwa ubumenyi bw'ikirenga bw'imigendekere y'inshinga z'Ikilatini zizwi nka "conjugations" (ziri mu matsinda ane y'ingenzi).
Ibibazo by'Amagambo n'Amateka y'Umuco (Cultural Untranslatability)
Ikinyarwanda gikungahaye ku magambo afite inyito zishingiye ku muco w'u Rwanda, nk'imigenzo, amatungo (inka n'intama), imibanire y'abantu, n'imyizerere ya kinyarwanda (urugero: Imana, Gakondo, Ubupfura, Umuganda). Guhindura aya magambo mu Kilatini bishobora kugorana kuko Abaroma ba kera (bene Kilatini) batakoreshaga ibyo bitekerezo mu buryo bumwe. Urugero, ijambo "Umuganda" rihagarariye umuco wo gufatanya no gukorera hamwe imirimo ifitiye abaturage bose akamaro. Nta jambo rimwe ry'Ikilatini ryasobanura neza "Umuganda" nta bisobanuro byongereweho mu buryo bw'inyandiko.
Mu rwego rwo gukemura iki kibazo, umuhinduzi ashobora gukoresha uburyo butatu bw'ingenzi:
- Gukoresha inyito ishobora kwegera indi (Conceptual Equivalence): Urugero, ijambo "Ubupfura" rishobora guhindurwa nka "Virtus" cyangwa "Nobilitas" mu Kilatini, nubwo aya magambo afite ibisobanuro byihariye mu mateka y'Abaroma.
- Gusobanura (Paraphrasing): Kwandika interuro ngereranyo isobanura icyo gitekerezo mu buryo burambuye mu Kilatini kugira ngo umusomyi asobanukirwe inyito y'umwimerere.
- Kugumana ijambo ry'umwimerere: Kwandika ijambo ry'Ikinyarwanda nka "Umuganda" hanyuma ugasobanura icyo bivuze mu kinyamakuru cyangwa mu nteguza y'inyandiko (footnotes).
Inama z'Ingenzi z'Ubuhinduzi Buhamye kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Kilatini
Kugira ngo ubu hinduzi bukomeze kugenda neza kandi bugire ubuziranenge bufite ireme rya siyanse n'ubuvanganzo, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- Soma ukanasesengura umwandiko w'umwimerere: Ntugatangire guhindura utarasobanukirwa neza umwimerere n'intego y'umwandiko w'Ikinyarwanda. Menya niba umwandiko ari uwa gisigo, uw'amateka, cyangwa uwa siyanse, kuko buri wese ugira imyandikire n'amagambo byihariye mu Kilatini (Sermo Urbanus cyangwa Sermo Vulgaris).
- Witondere gahunda y'amagambo mu nteruro (Word Order): Mu Kinyarwanda, gahunda isanzwe ni Umukora-Inshinga-Ugerwaho (SVO - Subject-Verb-Object). Mu Kilatini, gahunda y'amagambo iranyuranye cyane kandi iroroshye kuko amazina ahinduka (declined), bityo inshinga ikunda kujya ku ndunduro y'interuro (kugerageza gahunda ya SOV). Menya neza uko wubaka interuro yawe mu Kilatini kugira ngo isomeke nk'iyanditswe n'umunyamilatini w'umwimerere.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zikwiye: Ifashishe inkoranyamagambo zikomeye zihuza Ikinyarwanda n'izindi ndimi (nk'Igifaransa cyangwa Icyongereza) n'izindi zihuza izo ndimi n'Ikilatini (urugero: Oxford Latin Dictionary cyangwa Lewis and Short). Ibi bigufasha guhuza amagambo mu buryo buziguye igihe nta nkoranyamagambo iziguye y'Ikinyarwanda-Ikilatini ihari.
- Saba isubiramo ry'abandi bahinduzi: Ubuhinduzi bw'Ikilatini bufite amategeko menshi atandukanye kandi akomeye. Igihe cyose bishoboka, saba undi muntu ufite ubumenyi mu Kilatini na kaminuza gusoma ibyo wahinduye kugira ngo yemeze niba amadeklinesiyo n'inshinga zikoreshejwe neza.
Ubusobanuro bw'Ubukungu bw'Indimi Zombi mu Buhinduzi bw'Ejo Hazaza
Nubwo Kilatini rufatwa nk'ururimi rutakivugwa n'abantu benshi mu buzima bwa buri munsi (dead language), rukomeza kuba umusingi w'ubumenyi, amategeko, ubuvuzi, n'iyobokamana mu mateka y'isi. Guhindura inyandiko z'Ikinyarwanda mu Kilatini si uguhuza amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni no kubungabunga umurage w'u Rwanda mu rurimi rwakoreshejwe mu kwandika amateka y'isi yose. Binyuze mu gukurikiza amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo, gusobanukirwa umuco w'indimi zombi, n'ugukoresha inama zatanzwe haruguru, abahinduzi barashobora kubaka ibiraro bikomeye bihuza u Rwanda n'isi y'amateka ya kera n'iy'ubumenyi bw'iteka ryose.