Ukuguqulelwa kwemibhalo ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye lolona hambo lunzima kodwa luyimfuneko kakhulu kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ledijithali nelokuhlangana kwezizwe. Phakathi kweelwimi ezinomdla kwaye ezineempawu ezizodwa zolwimi, isiXhosa, esilulwimi lweBantu oluthethwa eMzantsi Afrika, kunye nesiTshayina (ingakumbi isiMandarin), esilulwimi lwentsapho yaseSino-Tibetan, zimele iinkqubo ezimbini ezahluke ngokupheleleyo. Lo mbhalo uza kujonga nzulu kwinqubo yoguqulelo phakathi kwezi lwimi zombini, uhlaziye imingeni ekhoyo, kwaye unikeze amacebiso abalulekileyo anceda abaguquleli nabaququzeleli bemibhalo ye-SEO ukuba bafikelele kumgangatho ophezulu nogqwesileyo.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwesakhiwo Seelwimi Zombini
IsiXhosa kunye nesiTshayina zabelana ngomahluko obalulekileyo kwizakhiwo zazo zolwimi kunye nendlela amagama akhiwa ngayo. IsiXhosa lulwimi oludityaniswayo (agglutinative language). Oku kuthetha ukuba amagama akhiwa ngokdibanisa izakhi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nezimaphambili (prefixes), izimaphakathi (infixes), kunye nezimamva (suffixes) kwisiqu sesenzo okanye sesibizo. Ngenxa yoko, igama elinye lesiXhosa lingachaza isivakalisi esipheleleyo esinezenzi, izimelabizo, kunye nexesha. Ngokuchaseneyo noko, isiTshayina lulwimi oluzimeleyo (isolating language okanye analytic language). KwisiTshayina, igama ngalinye limelwe ngumlinganiselo onye (character) kwaye akukho tshintsho lwezakhiwo zemo yegama ngokusebenzisa izimaphambili okanye izimamva.
Lo mahluko ubangela imingeni emikhulu kubaguquleli. Xa uguqulela isivakalisi sesiXhosa esinzulu nesinomahluko omninzi weengcinga, umguquleli kufuneka ahlolisise isakhiwo semofoloji (morphology) yegama ngalinye kwaye akhe isivakalisi esitsha esiTshayina esisebenzisa amasuntswana amatsha kunye nolandelelwano oluchanekileyo lwamagama. Umzekelo, ulandelelwano lwamaXhosa lwe-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) lunokufana nelesiTshayina, kodwa inkqubo yokuchaza ixesha (tense) kunye nemo yesenzo (aspect) yahluke kakhulu, apho isiXhosa sisebenzisa izimamva kunye nezenzi-ncedisi, ngelixa isiTshayina sisebenzisa amasuntswana afana nelithi 了 (le) okanye 过 (guo) emva kwesenzi.
Inkqubo Yeeklasi Zezibizo Versus Inkqubo YesiTshayina Yokulinganisa
Enye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo zesiXhosa yinkqubo yeeklasi zezibizo (noun class system). Izibizo esiXhoseni zohlulwe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo alawula izivumelwano (concords) ezisetyenziswa kwiziphunzo, izenzi, izichazi, kunye nezimelabizo kulo lonke isivakalisi. Le nkqubo yenza ukuba isiXhosa sibe nenkcazo ecacileyo malunga nokuba ngubani okanye yintoni eyenza isenzo, kwaye igcina ubudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu esivakalisi. KwisiTshayina, le nkqubo ayikho kwaphela. Esikhundleni sayo, isiTshayina sisebenzisa amagama alinganisayo (classifiers okanye measure words) afana nelithi 个 (gè), 只 (zhī), okanye 本 (běn) xa kubalwa izinto okanye xa kubhekiswa kuzo ngezimelabizo ezichazayo.
Xa umguquleli eguqulela ukusuka esiXhoseni ukuya kwisiTshayina, kufuneka anyamezele le nkqubo ngokufumana amagama alinganisayo achanekileyo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesibizo esisetyenziswayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elinganisayo eliphosakeleyo kwisiTshayina kunokwenza ukuba umbhalo ubonakale ungcolile, ungenamgangatho, kwaye unzima ukufundeka kubathengi okanye kubafundi abathetha isiTshayina njengolwimi lwabo lweenkobe. Ngoko ke, ukwazi nzulu ngeeklasi zezibizo zesiXhosa kunye nabalinganisi besiTshayina yintsika ebalulekileyo yoguqulelo olugqwesileyo.
Umahluko Weetoni Nendlela Yokuphinyiselwa Kwezandi
IsiXhosa kunye nesiTshayina zombini ziilwimi zeetoni (tonal languages), kodwa zisebenzisa iitoni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. EsiXhoseni, iitoni zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukwahlula amagama abhalwe ngendlela efanayo kodwa anentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo (homographs), kunye nokubonisa iimpawu zegramatika ezifana nokubuza okanye ukubanga. EsiTshayina, iitoni zibaluleke kakhulu kwaye zilawula ilungu ngalinye. Igama ngalinye (character) linesandi esichaziweyo kunye netoni ethile phakathi kweesine (okanye ezintlanu). Tshintsho lwetoni kwisiTshayina lutshintsha intsingiselo yegama ngokupheleleyo.
Nangona lo mahluko ungabonakali kakhulu kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo, uba yingxaki enkulu kuguqulelo lwezandi, ukhuphelo lwemibhalo (transcription), kunye nasemsebenzini wokwenziwa kwemibhalo elungelelaniselwe ukufundwa ngabantu. Abaguquleli kufuneka baqonde indlela amagama asetyenziswa ngayo kwimixholo yeentetho ukuze bakwazi ukukhetha abalinganiswa abachanekileyo besiTshayina abanika intsingiselo efunwayo, ngaphandle kokudideka ngenxa yokufana kwezandi ezithile.
Transcreation Nomxholo Wenkcubeko EsiXhoseni NesiTshayina
Uguqulelo oluyimpumelelo ludlula kude ukutshintsha amagama ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye; lufuna inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-transcreation (okanye ukuguqulela ngokwenkcubeko). Inkcubeko yamaXhosa izaliswe ziingqiqo ezifana no-"Ubuntu", "Inhlonipho", iziduko, kunye neendlela zokuthetha ezisekelwe kwintlalo yoluntu nembali yezinyanya. Umzekelo, igama elithi "Ubuntu" linentsingiselo enzulu kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika, kwaye libhekisa kwinkolelo yokuba "umntu ngumntu ngabantu".
Xa kuguqulelwa ezi ngqiqo zesiXhosa zoluntu kunye nenkcubeko kusiya kwisiTshayina, akukho gama elinye elingalingana nazo ngqo. Umguquleli kufuneka afune iikhonsepthi zefilosofi yaseTshayina efana ne-Confucianism, egxininisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu kunye nemigaqo yentlalo. Amagama afana nelithi 仁 (Rén, elithetha ukuba ngubuntu okanye uthando ebantwini) okanye 礼 (Lǐ, elithetha imigaqo yokuziphatha nentlonipho) angasetyenziswa ukudlulisa ezi ngcinga, kodwa kufuneka umxholo ucaciswe kakuhle ukuze umfundi waseTshayina angalahlekiswa ziimeko zendawo.
Amacebiso Abalulekileyo Kuguqulelo Ne-SEO
- Ukwenziwa Kwasekhaya Kwamagama Angundoqo (Keywords Localization): Kubabhali bemibhalo ye-SEO, ukuguqulela amagama angundoqo ngqo kusuka esiXhoseni ukuya kwisiTshayina akusebenzi. Kuyimfuneko ukwenza uphando ngamagama asetyenziswa kakhulu ngabasebenzisi be-inthanethi baseTshayina kumaqonga okukhangela afana ne-Baidu. Oku kunceda ukuba inqaku lakho lifikelele kubantu abaninzi.
- Ukunikela Ingqalelo Kumahluko Wendawo (Simplified vs. Traditional Chinese): IsiTshayina sibhalwa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: isiTshayina esenziwe lula (Simplified Chinese) esisetyenziswa kakhulu e-Mainland China, nesiTshayina sezinye iindawo (Traditional Chinese) esisetyenziswa e-Taiwan naseHong Kong. Kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba abaphulaphuli bakho bafunda oluphi uhlobo ukuze ukhethe oluchanekileyo.
- Ukuhlonipha Indlela Yokubalisa Yasempuma: Indlela yokwakha amabali kunye nemibhalo yaseTshayina ihlukile kakhulu kwindlela yokubalisa yesiXhosa. IsiXhosa sinendlela enothando, emalunga nentlalo nomxholo omtsha, ngelixa isiTshayina singadinga isitayile esicacileyo, esinezakhiwo ezimfutshane kwaye ezizinzileyo.
- Ukuthintelwa Koguqulelo Lwekhompyutha Ngqo: Oomatshini baguqulela kakubi kakhulu phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiTshayina ngenxa yokungabikho kwedatha eyaneleyo eyabiweyo (low-resource language corpora). Uguqulelo lwabantu luhlala lulona kuphela oluqinisekisa umgangatho.
Izixhobo Nee-software Eziphambili Zoguqulelo Zanamhlanje
Ukusebenza ngobuchule kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha zokuququzelela uguqulelo (CAT Tools). Izixhobo ezifana neSDL Trados Studio, memoQ, kunye neMemsource zibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni uvimba weenkcazo kunye nesigama esifanayo (Translation Memory kunye neGlossary). Le miba inceda ukuba uguqulelo lwakho lungaguquguquki phakathi kwamaphepha awahlukeneyo ombhalo, nto leyo ephucula ukuthembeka komsebenzi wakho. Kwi-SEO, CAT tools zivumela abaguquleli ukuba baphinde basebenzise imibhalo esele iguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba amagama abalulekileyo oshishino kunye neebrendi awalahleki kwinkqubo yenguqulelo.
Ukongeza, abaguquleli kufuneka bathembele kwizichazi-magama ezigqwesileyo kunye namaqonga eengcali zolwimi ukuze bafumane uncedo xa behlangabezana namagama anenkani okanye amabinzana aneenkcazo ezijikelezileyo. Indlela yokusebenzisana kunye neengcali zeelwimi zombini ikwalikhondo elikhuselekileyo lokuphepha iimpazamo zenkcubeko ezinokubangela ukungaqondani phakathi kwezi zizwe zombini.