Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezihlukene ngokomlando, ngokwamasiko nangokwezinhlelo zolimi njengesiZulu nesiHebheru kuwumsebenzi odinga ikhono eliphakeme kakhulu. IsiZulu, ulimi lwendabuko lwakwa-Bantu olukhulunywa yizigidi zabantu eNingizimu Afrika, sisebenzisa uhlelo lokunamathisela (agglutinative system) oluncike kakhulu ezigabeni zamabizo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiHebheru, ulimi lwesigaba samaSemite (Semitic language) olukhulunywa kwa-Israyeli, lusebenzisa izimpande zongwaqa (triconsonantal roots) kanye nokwakheka kwegrama okuncike kakhulu ebulilini nasezikhathini zezenzo. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlaziya kabanzi izindlela, izinselelo, kanye namathiphu anembile angasiza abahumushi ukuba baveze umsebenzi wekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu ebudlelwano balolu hlobo.
Ukuqonda Umehluko Wezinhlelo Zolimi
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuhumusha ngempumelelo ukwazi umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwalezi zilimi ezimbili. Izinhlelo zazo zolimi zihleleke ngezindlela ezingafani neze, okwenza ukuba ukuhumusha ngezwi nezwi (literal translation) kungasebenzi nhlobo:
- Uhlelo lwezigaba zamabizo kusiZulu: KusiZulu, amabizo ahlanganiswa ngezigaba ezahlukene (noun classes), ezilawula ukuvumelana kwesivumelwano sikamenzi, isivumelwano sikamukeli kanye nezichasiso emshweni. Lapho uhumushela kusiHebheru, kumele uqonde ukuthi isiHebheru asinalo lolu hlobo lwezigaba zamabizo. Kunalokho, isiHebheru sincike kakhulu ebulilini (gender) - wonke amabizo, iziphawulo, nezenzo kumele kuvumelane ngokobulili (owesilisa noma owesifazane) nangobuningi.
- Izimpande zezenzo kusiHebheru (Shoresh): Umlando wolimi lwesiHebheru wakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo sezimpande zongwaqa abathathu noma abane (shoresh). Lezi zimpande zibekwa emaphethini ahlukene (binyanim) ukuze kwakhiwe izenzo, amabizo, nezichasiso ezinencazelo ehlobene. Kubahumushi besiziZulu, lokhu kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi lezi zimpande zithatha kanjani izincazelo ezahlukene lapho zishintsha iphethini.
- Ukuhlelwa kwemisho (Word Order): IsiZulu sisebenzisa kakhulu uhlelo lwe-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). IsiHebheru sesimanje sisebenzisa yona le ndlela, kodwa emibhalweni yakudala noma engahlelekile, kusekhona ukusetshenziswa kwe-VSO (Verb-Subject-Object). Lokhu kusho ukuthi umhumushi kumele abe neso elibukhali lokuhlela kabusha imisho ukuze ifundeke kahle ngolimi oluhunyushelwayo.
Ukuhambisana Kwezamasiko Nomongo (Cultural Transcreation)
Ulimi luyisibuko samasiko. IsiZulu sinezinkulumo eziningi ezihlobene nemvelo, ubuntu, ubudlelwano bomndeni, kanye nezinkolo zomdabu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiHebheru sigcwele izinkulumo ezithathela emibhalweni engcwele, emlandweni waseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye nempilo yesimanje yakwa-Israyeli. Uma uhumusha izincwadi, imibhalo yokukhangisa, noma izindatshana ezejwayelekile, kumele unake lezi zinto ezilandelayo:
Okokuqala, umqondo wothile "nobuntu" kusiZulu awunawo umhumulo oqondile wesisodwa kusiHebheru. Lapho uhumusha lo mqondo, kumele uchaze isenzo noma isimo sokuziphatha esihambisana nawo, esikhundleni sokufuna igama elilodwa. Okwesibili, izinkulumo zesiHebheru ezinjengokuthi "shalom" (ukuthula, ukubingelela, nokuvalelisa) noma "lehaim" (empilweni) zidinga ukuguqulwa ngendlela efanele kusiZulu ukuze zizwakale zifanelekile ngokwendlela yokukhuluma yabantu abakhuluma isiZulu. Indlela engcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa indlela yokuhumusha ebizwa nge-Transcreation—okungukuthi ukuhlela kabusha umyalezo ukuze ugcine umuzwa nomqondo ofanayo ngendlela eyamukelekayo emasikweni olimi oluhunyushelwayo.
Izeluleko Eziwusizo Kubahumushi BesiZulu NesiHebheru
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umsebenzi wakho wokuhumusha uhlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke futhi uthole imiphumela emihle kuma-search engine (SEO), landela lezi zeluleko ezingezansi:
- Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuhumusha esimanje (CAT Tools) kodwa uthembele ebuchopheni bakho: Amathuluzi afana ne-Trados noma i-MemoQ angasiza ekugcineni ukungaguquguquki kwamagama (terminology consistency), kodwa ngenxa yokwakheka okuyingqayizivele kwesiZulu nesiHebheru, ukuhumusha okwenziwa ngomshini kudla izinkophe njalo. Njalo yenza ukubuyekeza okunzulu (post-editing).
- Naka isiqondiso sokubhala (Text Directionality): IsiHebheru sibhalwa kusukela kwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele (Right-to-Left - RTL), kuyilapho isiZulu sibhalwa kusukela kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla (Left-to-Right - LTR). Lapho uhumusha imibhalo yedijithali noma amawebhusayithi, qinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokubhala (HTML layout) luyakwazi ukuguquka ngendlela efanele usebenzisa uphawu lwe-dir="rtl" lwe-HTML ukuze imibhalo yesiHebheru ingaphithaniseki.
- Dala uhlu lwamagama ahambisanayo (Glossary): Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhumusha imibhalo emikhulu, chaza amagama abalulekile ezobuchwepheshe, ezomthetho, noma ezokwelapha futhi uthole ukuthi ahunyushwa kanjani ngesiHebheru nangesiZulu. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukuthi kube lula ukugcina umsebenzi wakho usezingeni elifanayo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kuyofika ekugcineni.
- Hlaziya kahle izikhathi zezenzo (Tenses): IsiZulu sinezikhathi zezenzo eziningi ezihlanganisa esamanje, esedlule, esizayo, kanye nezikhathi ezisanda kudlula. IsiHebheru sona sinesistimu elula kakhudlwana yezikhathi (esedlule, esamanje, nesizayo), kodwa sincike kakhulu ezimweni zenzo (aspect). Kumele ube nesineke sokuthola ukuthi isenzo sakhiwe kanjani ukuze ungalahlekelwi yisikhathi sangempela okwenzeke ngaso isenzo.
Ukubaluleka Kwalolu Humusho Ebhizinisini Nomhlaba Wedijithali
Njengoba umhlaba uya ngokuya uba yilokho okuthiwa yi-"global village", ukuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiHebheru sekuyinto efuneka kakhulu. Lokhu kubangelwa wukukhula kobudlelwano bezohwebo phakathi kwaseNingizimu Afrika ne-Israyeli, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni efana nezolimo, ezokuvikela, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nemisebenzi yezokuvakasha nezenkolo. Imiphakathi eminingi yakwa-Israyeli inentshisekelo yokwazi amasiko ase-Afrika, kanti nama-NGO amaningi asebenzisana nemiphakathi ekhuluma isiZulu eNingizimu Afrika.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakha imibhalo yedijithali efinyeleleka kalula ngazo zombili lezi zilimi kusiza ekuthuthukiseni i-SEO. Lapho abantu befuna ulwazi olunzulu mayelana nezindaba zase-Afrika ngesiHebheru, noma mayelana nezobuchwepheshe baseMpumalanga Ephakathi kusiZulu, amawebhusayithi ahunyushwe kahle avela kuqala emiphumeleni yokusesha ye-Google. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ibhizinisi noma inhlangano yakho ithole ukwethenjwa nokuvelela okuphawulekayo emhlabeni wonke.
Kafushane, ukuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiHebheru akukhona nje ukushintsha amagama usuka kolunye ulimi uya kolunye. Kuwukwakha ibhuloho lokuxhumana phakathi kwemihlaba emibili ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngokulandela izindlela ezifanele, ukuqonda umehluko wezinhlelo zolimi, nokuhlonipha amasiko ahambisana nazo, abahumushi bangakwazi ukwakha imibhalo enembile, ekhanyayo neshukumisayo.