Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Kigalisiyani (Galician) ni umushinga w'indashyikirwa usaba ubumenyi bwimbitse mu ndimi zombi ndetse n'ubushishozi buhanitse mu birebana n'umuco. Ikinyarwanda, ururimi rw'igihugu cy'u Rwanda rwashinze imizi mu muryango w'indimi z'Ikibantu, gihurira n'Ikigalisiyani, ururimi rw'Ikilatini rukoreshwa cyane mu gace k'amajyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Espanye (Galicia), ku gitekerezo cyo guhuza imiryango ibiri y'indimi itandukanye cyane mu mateka n'imiterere. Iri zuba ry'ubuhinduzi rirasaba kurenga gushyira amagambo mu yandi, ahubwo rikabumbatira guhindura intego n'ubutumwa bw'umwandiko mu buryo bucura umwimerere mushya.
Isesengura ry'Imiterere y'Ibanze y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikigalisiyani
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora inyandiko inoze, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa isano n'itandukaniro riri hagati y'imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikigalisiyani. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwomeka (agglutinative language). Muri uru rurimi, ijambo rimwe—cyane cyane inshinga—rishobora kuba rigizwe n'uduce twinshi (morphemes) twomekanye, aho buri gace gafite icyo gasobanura nk'inteko y'izina, icyerekezo cy'igikorwa, igihe cy'igikorwa, n'icyerekezo cy'umugoruzi. Ibi bituma inshinga imwe y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora guhinduka interuro yose mu zindi ndimi.
Ku rundi ruhande, ururimi rw'Ikigalisiyani (Galego) ni ururimi rukurikiza iforome zihinduka (inflectional language) zikomoka ku Kilatini cy'Abaturage (Vulgar Latin). Rufite isano ya hafi cyane n'Igiporutugali n'Icyesipanyolo. Mu Kigalisiyani, amagambo ntabwo yomekwa ahubwo ahindura impera zoyo (suffixes) kugira ngo yerekane igihe cy'inshinga, umubare w'ibintu, n'igitsina cy'amazina. Iri tandukaniro rishingiye ku nkomoko y'izi ndimi rishobora guteza urujijo mu gihe umuhinduzi atagize amenga mu gusesengura amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo y'indimi zombi.
Guhuza Imiterere y'Interuro (Syntax Adaptation)
Mu Kinyarwanda, interuro isanzwe ikurikiza gahunda y'Inyandiko-Nshinga-Urugero (Subject-Verb-Object - SVO). Gusa, kubera imiterere yomeka y'ururimi, gahunda y'amagambo ishobora guhindagurika cyane kugira ngo hatsindagirwe igice runaka cy'interuro (topic-comment structure). Mu Kigalisiyani na cyo, gahunda y'SVO ni yo yibanzwaho cyane, ariko imikoreshereze y'ibinyazina n'inshinga zifasha (auxiliary verbs) igengwa n'amategeko akomeye y'ikibonezamvugo cy'Ikilatini.
Urugero, aho umunyarwanda avuga ati "Nyakubahwa aragusuhuza", inshinga "aragusuhuza" irimo umugoruzi "gu" (wowe) hamwe n'inteko y'izina "a" (Nyakubahwa). Mu guhindura iri jambo mu Kigalisiyani, umuhinduzi agomba gushyira ibice bitandukanye mu buryo bw'interuro y'Ikigalisiyani: "O Señor saúdao" (niba ari umugabo) cyangwa "A Señora saúdao". Hano, inyashyaka "o" cyangwa "a" zigaragaza igitsina cy'izina, naho ikinyazina "o" mu mpera z'inshinga kikagaragaza umugoruzi. Ubu buryo bwo gusesengura uduce duto tw'ijambo ryo mu Kinyarwanda no kutubumbira mu magambo yigenga yo mu Kigalisiyani ni cyo gipimo cy'ubuhanga bw'umuhinduzi.
Inteko z'Amazina yo mu Kinyarwanda n'Igitsina cy'Amazina mu Kigalisiyani
Ikinyarwanda gifite inteko z'amazina zikabakaba 16, aho amazina yose ashakirwa mu nteko runaka bitewe n'imiterere yabyo (nk'abantu mu nteko ya 1 n'iya 2, ibiti n'imigezi mu nteko ya 3 n'iya 4, n'ibindi). Buri nteko igenga ubwumvikane bw'interuro yose binyuze mu biyomeko by'ubwumvikane (concordial agreement).
Mu Kigalisiyani, imiterere y'amazina iroroshye cyane ugereranije n'Ikinyarwanda kuko afite ibitsina bibiri gusa: igitsina gabo (masculino) n'igitsina gore (femenino), hamwe n'umubare w'ibintu (singular na plural). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba kureka imiterere y'inteko z'amazina yo mu Kinyarwanda, ahubwo agashaka igitsina cy'iryo jambo mu Kigalisiyani.
| Izina mu Kinyarwanda | Inteko y'Izina | Izina mu Kigalisiyani | Igitsina n'Umubare | Ubwumvikane bw'Interuro |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Umugabo (L'homme) | Inteko ya 1 | O home | Igitsina gabo, Ubuke | O home é forte (Umugabo ni umunyambaraga) |
| Abagabo (Les hommes) | Inteko ya 2 | Os homes | Igitsina gabo, Ubwinshi | Os homes son fortes (Abagabo ni abanyambaraga) |
| Inzu (La maison) | Inteko ya 9 | A casa | Igitsina gore, Ubuke | A casa é bonita (Inzu ni nziza) |
| Inzu (Les maisons) | Inteko ya 10 | As casas | Igitsina gore, Ubwinshi | As casas son bonitas (Inzu ni nziza) |
Nk'uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe, inyashyaka zibanziriza amazina mu Kigalisiyani (o, os, a, as) zigomba guhuzwa n'igitsina cy'izina ry'Ikigalisiyani, aho guhuzwa n'inteko amazina yo mu Kinyarwanda arimo. Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi aba afite urutonde rugari rw'amazina n'ibitsina byayo mu Kigalisiyani kugira ngo yirinde amakosa y'ubwumvikane bw'interuro.
Inshinga n'Ibihe byazo (Verbs and Conjugation)
Inshinga mu Kinyarwanda zifite imiterere ihambaye cyane. Zishobora kugaragaza ibihe bitandukanye birimo: igihe cya vuba (recent past), igihe cya kera (remote past), igihe cy'ubu (present continuous), igihe kizaza cya vuba (near future), n'igihe kizaza cya kera (remote future). Mu Kigalisiyani, ibihe by'inshinga bigabanyijemo ibihe by'uburyo bwo kwerekana (indicativo), uburyo bwo gushidikanya cyangwa kwifuza (subxuntivo), n'uburyo bwo gutegeka (imperativo).
Imwe mu nshingano zikomeye z'umuhinduzi ni uguhuza igihe inshinga yo mu Kinyarwanda irimo n'igihe gikwiriye mu Kigalisiyani. Urugero, inshinga yo mu Kinyarwanda iri mu gihe cya kera (nk'icyitagereranywa: "yasomye" - remote past) ikunze guhindurwa hakoreshejwe igihe cy'amateka cy'Ikigalisiyani (Pretérito perfecto de indicativo - urugero: "leu"). Gusa, iyo inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda yerekana igikorwa cyakorwaga kenshi mu gihe cyashize (impuruza), hagomba gukoreshwa "Pretérito imperfecto" (urugero: "leía"). Iri hitamo ry'igihe gikwiriye rigena ubwisanzure n'uburyohe bw'umwandiko uhinduye.
Umuco, Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo n'Uburyo bwo Kuzihindura
Umuco w'Abanyarwanda ugengwa cyane n'imvugo zishingiye ku nka, umuryango, icyubahiro, n'ubutwari. Ku rundi ruhande, umuco wa Galisiya ufite amateka maremare ahambaye arangwamo ururimi rw'Ikilatini, imihanda ya Mutagatifu Yakobo (Camiño de Santiago), n'imibereho y'icyaro yubakiye ku buhinzi n'uburobyi mu nyanja ya Atulanitika.
Guhindura imvugo z'ikigereranyo bisaba kubanza gusobanukirwa intego n'icyo imvugo yerekana aho guhindura amagambo uko yakabaye (literal translation). Urugero, imvugo y'Ikinyarwanda igira iti "Nta nka yambaye ikirezi mu maso y'indi" isobanura ko abantu bose bangana cyangwa ko nta we uruta undi. Iyo uyihinduye mu Kigalisiyani uko yakabaye ("Ningunha vaca leva unha xoia diante doutra"), nta muturage wa Galisiya ushobora kuyumva. Aho kubikora utyo, umuhinduzi agomba gushaka imvugo ihuye nayo mu rurimi rw'Ikigalisiyani nk'igira iti "Ninguén é máis ninguén" (Nta muntu uruta undi) cyangwa gushyiraho ibisobanuro bifasha umusomyi kumva uwo muco w'umwimerere w'Abanyarwanda.
Inama Z'Ubunararibonye ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikigalisiyani
Kugira ngo inyandiko yawe ihinduwe ibe indashyikirwa kandi yubahirize amategeko y'ubuhinduzi bw'umwuga, dore inama zikwiriye gukurikizwa:
- Iga umuco w'aho umwandiko uya: Umuhinduzi mwiza ntarangiza guhindura ururimi gusa, ahubwo ahindura n'umuco. Kurikiranira hafi imyizerere n'imvugo z'abaturage ba Galisiya.
- Itondere amagambo asa ariko atandukanye (False Friends): Kubera ko inyandiko z'Ikigalisiyani zishobora kugira amagambo asa n'ay'izindi ndimi z'Ikilatini, nko mu Cyongereza cyangwa Igifaransa, banza ugenzure neza inkoranyamagambo y'Ikigalisiyani (Dicionario da Real Academia Galega) kugira ngo umenye icyo iryo jambo risobanura neza.
- Kora isubiramo ry'inyandiko inshuro nyinshi: Nyuma yo guhindura, banza utambure inyandiko uyikureho ibinyazina cyangwa inshinga zidasomeka neza mu Kigalisiyani. Ni byiza ko umwandiko wa nyuma usomeka nk'uwanditswe n'umwenyegihugu w'umugalisiyani ubyirukiyemo.
- Ubwumvikane bw'ijwi (Tone Consistency): Niba umwandiko w'umwimerere w'Ikinyarwanda wanditswe mu buryo bw'icyubahiro n'ikinyabupfura, yera ko no mu Kigalisiyani ukoresha uburyo bwa "vostede" (icyubahiro) aho gukoresha "ti" (wowe wa busabane).