Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezingafani neze ngemvelaphi nangokwakheka, njengesiZulu nesiSinhala, kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu kakhulu emkhakheni wezohumusha. IsiZulu singolunye wezilimi zomndeni wamaBantu ezikhulunywa kakhulu e-Afrika Eningizimu, kanti isiSinhala singolunye wezilimi zomndeni wama-Indo-Aryan esikhulunywa eSri Lanka. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlose ukuhlaziya kabanzi izinqubo, umehluko wesakhiwo, izinselelo namathiphu asemqoka okufanele alandelwe lapho kuhunyushwa kusuka ngesiZulu kuya ngesiSinhala ukuze kutholakale umsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu nongenaphutha.
Umehluko Wezakhiwo Semisho (Syntax) Nezinhlelo Zolimi
Enye yezinto zokuqala okufanele umhumushi azicubungule yisimo sesakhiwo semisho ezilimini zombili. IsiZulu silandela isakhiwo esijwayelekile se-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object / Umenzi-Isenzo-Umenziwa). Ngokwesibonelo: "Umfana ubala incwadi" (Umfana [Subject] + ubala [Verb] + incwadi [Object]).
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiSinhala silandela isakhiwo se-SOV (Subject-Object-Verb / Umenzi-Umenziwa-Isenzo). Emshweni ofanayo ngesiSinhala, isenzo siza ekugcineni komusho. Ngakho-ke, ukuhumusha ngqo ngezwi ngalinye ngaphandle kokuhlela kabusha isakhiwo somusho kuzoholela emishweni engazwakali neze kubantu abakhuluma isiSinhala. Umhumushi kufanele abe nekhono lokuhlehlisa isenzo siye ekugcineni komusho ngenkathi egcina umqondo uqinile futhi uhambisana kahle.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamagama (Agglutination) Nezinhlelo Zamabizo
IsiZulu silulimi oluhlanganisayo (agglutinative language), lapho iziqalo nezijobelelo zihlanganiswa khona nesiqu segama ukuze kuvezwe isikhathi, umenzi, isimo senzo, nezivumelwano zomlinganiselo. Uhlelo lwezigaba zamabizo (noun classes) ngesiZulu lubamba iqhaza elikhulu kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwemisho. Wonke amabizo awela ngaphansi kwezigaba ezithile (isib. isigaba 1/2 somuntu, isigaba 7/8 sezinto), futhi lokhu kulawula izivumelwano zazo zonke ezinye izingxenye zenkulumo emshweni.
IsiSinhala, nakuba sinohlelo lwaso lwesigwekazo nesimo samabizo (cases), asinalo uhlelo lwezigaba zamabizo olufana ncamashi nolwesiZulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho umhumushi esusa umqondo ngesiZulu obunjwe ngezivumelwano eziningi zesiZulu, kufanele athole izindlela zokukhombisa lezo budlelwano ngesiSinhala esebenzisa izihlobiso noma izijobelelo zesimo ebizweni (case endings) ezifanele ulimi lwesiSinhala. Inselelo lapha iwukuthi ungalahlekelwa yimininingwane ecacile evezwa yizivumelwano zesiZulu.
Ukuguqula Imibhalo: Ukusuka Kuzinhlamvu Zesilathini Kuya Kombhalweni WesiSinhala
IsiZulu sisebenzisa izinhlamvu zesiLathini (Latin alphabet) ezaziwayo emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukufunda nokubhala kulabo abajwayele izilimi zaseNtshonalanga. Kodwa-ke, isiSinhala sisebenzisa umbhalo waso okhethekile obizwa ngombhalo wesiSinhala (Sinhala script), okuyi-abugida evela kumbhalo wasendulo wase-India obizwa ngeBrahmi.
Lokhu kuletha izinselelo eziningi, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekubhalweni kwamagama aqondile (proper nouns), njengamagama abantu, amadolobha, nezikhungo. Umhumushi kufanele ahumushe la magama ngokomsindo wawo (transliteration). Isibonelo, igama elithi "Durban" noma "eThekwini" kufanele libhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesiSinhala ngendlela ezwakalisa umsindo ofanele ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yindlela elibizwa ngayo. Kudingeka uqeqesho olunzulu nokuqonda ukuthi imisindo ethile yesiZulu (efana nongwaqa ababili noma abathathu abahlangene) ingavezwa kanjani ngesiSinhala ngendlela eyamukelekayo ngokohlelo lokubhala lwaseSri Lanka.
Amasiko, Izisho Nezaga (Cultural Nuances and Idioms)
Ulimi luzalwa yisiko. Ukuhumusha okungcono kakhulu akukhona nje ukushintsha amagama kodwa ukudlulisa amasiko. IsiZulu sinezisho nezaga eziningi ezisekelwe empilweni nendlela yokuphila yomphakathi wamaZulu, efana nokubaluleka kwemfuyo (izinkomo), inhlonipho, nobudlelwano babantu (Ubuntu). Ngokufanayo, isiSinhala sinezisho ezijulile ezihlobene nenkolo yobuBuddha, ukulima kwelayisi, nomlando waseSri Lanka.
Uma uhumusha isaga sesiZulu esithi "Inyathi ibuzwa kwabaphambili" (okusho ukuthi ubuza iseluleko kwabanolwazi), ukuhumusha igama negama kuzodala ukudideka okukhulu ngesiSinhala ngoba inyathi nendlela ezinye izilwane ezibhekwa ngayo eSri Lanka kungase kungabi nomqondo ofanayo. Umhumushi kufanele athole isisho esifanayo ngesiSinhala esidlulisa umyalezo ofanayo wokufuna iseluleko kwabadala noma kwabanolwazi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-dynamic equivalence noma i-transcreation, lapho kugcinwa khona umqondo wesiko ulimi olusha olungawuqonda kalula.
Amathiphu Asemqoka Kubahumushi BeziZulu NesiSinhala
- Qonda Umongo Wombhalo (Context): Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhumusha, funda wonke umbhalo ukuze uqonde umyalezo wonke nesitayela sombhali. Ungahumushi umusho ngomusho ngaphandle kokubheka isithombe esikhulu.
- Yakha Uhlu Lwamagama (Glossary): Ngenxa yokuthi akukho zinhlelo eziningi zezichazamazwi eziqondile phakathi kwesiZulu nesiSinhala, kubalulekile ukuthi umhumushi azakhele uhlu lwamagama ahambisanayo ukuze kuhlale kunesimo esifanayo sayo yonke imibhalo (consistency).
- Sebenzisa Ulimi Olubhekiswe Kulo Ngokukhululeka: Qinisekisa ukuthi umbhalo ogcine uhunyushiwe ngesiSinhala uzwakala njengombhalo obhalwe ngesiSinhala kusukela ekuqaleni, hhayi njengombhalo ohunyushiwe. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi lowo ohumushayo abe nekhono eliphezulu kakhulu lokubhala ngesiSinhala.
- Ukubuyekezwa Ngabantu Basekhaya (Linguistic Validation): Njalo thumela umsebenzi wakho kubantu abakhuluma isiSinhala njengolimi lwabo lwendabuko ukuze babheke ukuthi kukhona yini okuzwakala kungajwayelekile noma okungcolile ngokwesiko.
- Qaphela Izilimi Zokuxhumana Ezixubile: Kwezinye izimo, isiZulu nesiSinhala zisebenzisa amagama athathwe esiNgisini ngenxa yomlando wokubusa kwamakoloni. Umhumushi kufanele azi ukuthi nini lapho kufanele asebenzise igama lesiNgisi elamukelekayo noma nini lapho kufanele athole igama lendawo eliyiqiniso.
Isiphetho Sezinqubo Zokuhumusha Ngokwesayensi
Ukuhumusha kusuka ngesiZulu kuya ngesiSinhala kudinga ukuzinikela okukhulu nemfundo ejulile yezilimi zombili. Imboni yezokuhumusha emhlabeni jikelele iya ngokuya ikhula, kanti ukuxhumana phakathi kwamazwe ase-Afrika nalawo ase-Asia kudinga ochwepheshe abangakwazi ukugubha lezi zithiyo zolimi. Ngokusebenzisa la mathiphu nokuqonda umehluko obalulekile wesakhiwo, abahumushi bangakha amabhuloho aqinile okuxhumana phakathi komphakathi wamaZulu nomphakathi waseSri Lanka okhuluma isiSinhala.