Kwilizwe lanamhlanje elihambelana ngobuchwepheshe nothungelwano lwehlabathi, uguqulelo lweelwimi luyintsika ephambili ekwakheni ikhonkco phakathi kwenkcubeko neelwimi ezahlukeneyo. Uguqulelo phakathi kwesiXhosa, olululwimi lwesiBantu oluthethwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika, nesiKannada, olululwimi lwaseDravidia oluthethwa eKarnataka eIndiya, luzisa imiceli-mngeni ekhethekileyo kodwa ekwazisayo amathuba amahle okudibanisa abantu. Ezi lwimi zombini zivela kwiintsapho zeelwimi ezahluke ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba isakhiwo sazo, isandi sazo, kunye neendlela zazo zokuvakalisa iingcinga zahluke gqitha. Lo mbhalo uza kujonga nzulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoguqulelo phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini, ugxininise kwimiceli-mngeni yolwimi, isakhiwo sezivakalisi, kunye neengcebiso eziluncedo kubaguquleli.
Isakhiwo Sezivakalisi Nesintaksi: SVO vs. SOV
Omnye wemiba ebaluleke kakhulu ekufuneka umguquleli ayazi xa esuka kwisiXhosa esiya kwisiKannada ngumahluko kwisakhiwo sezivakalisi okanye isintaksi. IsiXhosa sisebenzisa isakhiwo esaziwayo njenge-Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Oku kuthetha ukuba isivakalisi siqala ngomenzi, silandelwe senzi, kwaye sigqibelise ngento eyenziwayo. Umzekelo: "Inkwenkwe ifunda incwadi". Kulo mzekelo, "inkwenkwe" ngumenzi, "ifunda" lisenzi, kwaye "incwadi" yinto eyenziwayo.
Ngokuchaseneyo noko, isiKannada sisebenzisa isakhiwo se-Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Kulo nkqubo, isenzi sibekwa ekugqibeleni kwesivakalisi. Umzekelo ofanayo ngesiKannada ungabaleka ngolu hlobo: "Inkwenkwe incwadi ifunda" (ಹುಡುಗನು ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ - Huduganu pustakavannu ōduttāne). Apha, "Huduganu" (Subject/Inkwenkwe), "pustakavannu" (Object/incwadi), kwaye "ōduttāne" (Verb/ifunda). Umguquleli kufuneka abe nobuchule bokuguqula ezi ngcinga engqondweni yakhe ukuze isivakalisi sokugqibela sivakale sisezantsi kwaye singenabugwenxa kwindlebe yomthethi wesiKannada.
Uhlelo Lweelwimi: Izimaphambili ZeBantu Nezimamva ZaseDravidia
IsiXhosa lulwimi olwakhiwe kakhulu ngezimaphambili (prefixes) ezichaza iindidi zamagama (noun classes). Isivakalisi ngasinye sisebenzisa uvumelwano lwesakhiwo (concordial agreement) apho izimelabizo, iziphawuli, neenzi kufuneka zihambelane nodidi lwebizo elisetyenzisiweyo. Oku kunika isiXhosa isingqi esithile kunye nendlela yokwakha intsingiselo ezinzileyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungelelanisa amazwi.
Kwelinye icala, isiKannada sithembele kakhulu kwizimamva (suffixes) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezihlomelo zamagama ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama esivakalisini. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-inflection okanye ukuthotywa kwamagama (declension). Endaweni yokusebenzisa izimaphambili ekuqaleni kwegama, isiKannada sidityaniswa neziphelo ezifana nezalathisi ze-case (vibhakti pratyaya) ekupheleni kwebizo ukubonisa ukuba libizo elenzayo, elenzelwayo, okanye elinobunini. Umguquleli kufuneka acazulule isakhiwo sezimaphambili zesiXhosa aze asiguqulele ngokuchanekileyo sibe zizimamva ezifanelekileyo zesiKannada ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yintsingiselo yasekuqaleni.
Ubunzima Bamasiko Nenkcubeko Kuguqulelo
Uguqulelo aluphelelanga nje ekutshintsheni amagama asuka kolunye ulwimi aye kolunye; lumalunga nokudlulisa inkcubeko nengqiqo. IsiXhosa sityebile ngamaqhalo, izaci, neendlela zokuthetha ezisekelwe kubomi bamaXhosa, imfuyo, indalo, kunye nobudlelwane boluntu. Umzekelo, amabinzana afana nelithi "ukuhamba ngenyawo zikaPhalo" okanye "ukubamba ngamazinyo" anembali enzulu kunye nentsingiselo engekho lula ukuyicacisa ngokuthe ngqo.
IsiKannada naso sinolwimi olutyebileyo lwembali nefilosofi, enemvelaphi kwisithethe saseIndiya esineenkulungwane ezininzi. Xa uguqulela la maqhalo neentetho, ukusebenzisa uguqulelo lwegama negama (literal translation) kunokukhokelela ekulahlekeni kwentsingiselo ngokupheleleyo okanye ekudaleni ukudideka. Endaweni yoko, indlela engcono kukusebenzisa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-transcreation. Lo ngumsebenzi apho umguquleli afuna iqhalo okanye ibinzana elinentsingiselo efanayo kwinkcubeko yesiKannada, eliza kuvakala lihambelana kakuhle nengqondo yomphulaphuli okanye umfundi waloo ndawo.
Iingcebiso Eziphambili Kubaguquleli Beli Gqiza
- Ungaze uququlele igama negama: Soloko ujonge umongo kunye nentsingiselo epheleleyo yesivakalisi phambi kokuba uqale ukuguqulela. Oku kuthintela ukwenza iziphoso ezibonisa ukungaqondi isakhiwo sethagethi.
- Phonononga ubume bezivumelanisi: Qaphela iindidi zezibizo kwisiXhosa kunye neziphelo zamagama kwisiKannada ukuze ungasiphosi isivumelanisi sezivakalisi.
- Hlonipha isimilo nolwimi lokuhlonipha: IsiKannada sisebenzisa iinkqubo ezithile zokuhlonipha abantu abadala okanye abo bakwizinga eliphezulu ekupheleni kweenzi namagama (afana neziphelo "-aru" okanye "-ri"). Qinisekisa ukuba le tone iyabonakala nakuguqulelo lwakho, ufana nendlela isiXhosa esisebenzisa ngayo isihlalo sokuhlonipha okanye amagama athile ohlonipho.
- Sebenzisa izichazi-magama ezinzulu neethemba: Ngenxa yokuba kungekho zixhobo zininzi zotshintsho oluthe ngqo phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiKannada, kuhlala kufuneka ukusebenzisa ulwimi olwesithathu olufana nesiNgesi njengebhulorho, kodwa kufuneka ube lumkile ukuze ungathathi iimpazamo zesiNgesi uzise kwisiphelo sakho.
Ukusebenzisa Itekhnoloji Yoguqulelo Ngobuchule
Kule mihla yethu, izixhobo zekhompyutha zoguqulelo (CAT tools) zidlala indima enkulu. Iinkqubo zokugcina inkumbulo yoguqulelo (Translation Memories) kunye neengqokelela zamagama (glossaries) zinganceda kakhulu ekugcineni ukungaguquguquki kolwimi, ngakumbi kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu ezinjengezincwadi zemigaqo, amaxwebhu omthetho, okanye ezo zonyango. Nangona kunjalo, kuba ezi lwimi zombini zingaphantsi kweelwimi ezinonqongophalo lwezixhobo zedatha yedijithali (low-resource languages) xa zithelekiswa nesiNgesi okanye iSpanish, igalelo lomntu oliyingcaphe lihlala liyimfuneko yokuqala neyokugqibela. Uguqulelo lomatshini (Machine Translation) kufuneka lusetyenziswe kuphela njengesikhokelo sokuqala, silandelwe luhlaziyo olunzulu lomguqulelo weelwimi onolwazi oluphangaleleyo lweenkcubeko zombini.