Imiterere y'Indimi Zombi: Isano n'Itandukaniro ry'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikinyaviyetinamu
Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujyana mu Kinyaviyetinamu (Vietnamese) ni umurimo usaba ubumenyi bwambitse haba mu rurimi n'umuco. Ikinyarwanda n'Ikinyaviyetinamu ni indimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye rwose y'indimi ku isi. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Ikibantu (Bantu language) rukoresha sisitemu ihambaye y'inteko z'amazina ndetse n'inshinga zihindurwa cyane bitewe n'ibihe, icyerekezo, ndetse n'uburyo bwo kubungabunga isano hagati y'amagambo. Ku rundi ruhande, Ikinyaviyetinamu ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'izitwa Otoro-Asiyatike (Austroasiatic language), rurangwa no kuba ari ururimi rw'ijambo rimwe ritagira irindi ryiyongeraho (isolating language) ndetse rikaba rishingiye ku majwi afite inyito zitandukanye (tonal language) aho ijwi rimwe rishobora kugira ibisobanuro bitandatu bitandukanye bitewe n'ijwi ririho n'ikimenyetso cyaryo.
Iyo umuhinduzi ageze ku gikorwa cyo guhuza izi ndimi zombi, agomba guhura n'ikibazo gikomeye cyo kwimura ibisobanuro bitabaye ibyo guhindura amagambo gusa. Urugero, mu Kinyarwanda inshinga yonyine ishobora kumvikana nk'interuro yuzuye kubera uturemajambo tw'insanisha n'utw'ibihe. Mu Kinyaviyetinamu, inshinga ntabwo ijya ihinduka. Kugira ngo berekane ibihe (ejo hashize, ubu, ejo hazaza), bakoresha amagambo yunganira nka "đã", "đang", cyangwa "sẽ", cyangwa se bakabyumvikanisha binyuze mu nteruro yose n'igihe bivugiwe. Ibi bisaba umuhinduzi kumva neza imiterere y'imyubakire y'interuro muri buri rurimi kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduwe isomeke nk'iyanditswe n'umwenegihugu ugenda neza mu rurimi rwe.
Itandukaniro ry'Imyubakire y'Interuro n'Inyito (Syntactic and Semantic Challenges)
Kimwe mu bintu bigora abahinduzi muri izi ndimi zombi ni ukubura kw'inteko z'amazina mu Kinyaviyetinamu ndetse no gukoresha amagambo asobanura icyiciro cy'ikintu (classifiers). Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina yose ari mu nteko runaka (kuva ku nteko ya 1 kugeza ku ya 20), kandi izi nteko zigena imiterere y'inshinga, ibinyazina ngenera, n'ibimanyisho. Mu Kinyaviyetinamu, ntabwo bafite izi nteko, ariko bafite icyo bita "lượng từ" cyangwa classifiers (nk'ijambo "con" rikoreshwa ku binyabuzima n'inyamaswa, "cái" rikoreshwa ku bintu bitagira ubuzima, cyangwa "cuốn/quyển" rikoreshwa ku bitabo). Guhitamo neza classifier ikwiye mu Kinyaviyetinamu igihe uhindura izina ry'Ikinyarwanda ni ngombwa cyane kugira ngo interuro igire maana ndetse n'inyito y'umwimerere y'ururimi.
Ikindi kibazo gikomeye cyerekeye uburyo bwo kugaragaza ubwinshi n'ubuke. Mu Kinyarwanda, inteko z'amazina nizo zigaragaza ubwinshi (urugero: umuntu/abantu, igitabo/ibitabo). Mu Kinyaviyetinamu, izina riraguma uko riri, ariko ubwinshi bukagaragazwa n'amagambo nka "những", "các", cyangwa imibare yihariye imbere y'iryo zina. Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza igihe ari ngombwa kugaragaza ubwinshi n'igihe ubwinshi bwumvikana bitewe n'imvugo n'imbonezamubano y'interuro.
Umuco n'Uburyo bwo Kugaragaza Icyubahiro (Cultural Pragmatics and Honorifics)
Isano hagati y'umuco w'Abanyarwanda n'Abaviyetinamu ifite ingingo zihariye zikurura kwitonda mu guhindura. Umuco w'Ikinyaviyetinamu ufite imizi yakuriye mu bitekerezo bya Confucius, aho kugaragaza icyubahiro, imyaka, n'urwego rw'umuryango cyangwa rw'akazi ari ibintu by'ibanze mu mivugire. Muri uru rurimi, ntabwo bafite ibinyazina byoroheje by'ubumuntu nka "mwebwe" cyangwa "wowe" gusa. Bakoresha amagambo ashingiye ku mubano w'abavugana: "anh" (kuri mukuru w'umugabo), "chị" (kuri mukuru w'umugore), "em" (kuri mutoya), "ông" (kuri sekuru cyangwa umugabo ugeze mu za bukuru), "bà" (kuri nyirakuru cyangwa umugore ugeze mu za bukuru). Mu Kinyarwanda, nubwo dufite imyitozo yo kugaragaza icyubahiro binyuze mu gukoresha ubwinshi (mwebwe) cyangwa amagambo y'ikinyabupfura nka "Nyakubahwa" cyangwa "Mzee", guhuza izi nzego zombi bisaba ko umuhinduzi asobanukirwa neza imibanire y'abantu bavugwa mu nyandiko kugira ngo ahitemo ikinyazina gikwiye mu Kinyaviyetinamu.
Iyo uhindura inyandiko zivuga ku mico, imigenzo, cyangwa ibiribwa, biba ngombwa gukoresha uburyo bwo kwagura ibisobanuro (paraphrasing) cyangwa se gukoresha amagambo asobanura mu buryo bw'umuco aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi. Urugero, amagambo ajyanye n'ubuhinzi bw'umuceri mu Kinyaviyetinamu afite amazina atandukanye bitewe n'ikiciro umuceri ugezemo (lúa - igihingwa cy'umuceri, gạo - umuceri utetse ariko utarahishwa, cơm - umuceri utetse wamaze gushya). Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha ijambo "umuceri" ku buryo bwagutse cyane. Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza aho uwo muceri ugeze kugira ngo ahitemo ijambo ry'umwimerere mu Kinyaviyetinamu.
Inama Z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Umwuga (Professional Best Practices)
- Gusobanukirwa neza Imvugo z'Amakabyabiryo n'Imigani: Amashusho y'imvugo akoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda ntiyakagombye guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi. Ni ngombwa gushaka imvugo ihwanye na yo muri Kinyaviyetinamu itanga igitekerezo kimwe aho gukoresha amagambo nyamukuru gusa.
- Gukoresha CAT Tools na Glossaries zihariye: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo nyinshi zikomeye zihuriweho n'izi ndimi zombi (Kinyarwanda-Vietnamese), umuhinduzi agomba kwikorera lisiti y'amagambo (glossary) y'ibiganiro n'inzego zihariye nk'amategeko, ubuvuzi, cyangwa ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo asigasire ubwuzuzanye bw'inyandiko.
- Kugenzura inyandiko na Native Speaker: Inyandiko yose yashyizwe mu Kinyaviyetinamu igomba gusomwa no gukosorwa n'umuntu uvuga urwo rurimi nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko (native Vietnamese speaker) kugira ngo harebwe niba inyandiko ifite injyana yumvikana neza ku buryo bw'indobanure.
- Kwimika imyubakire y'interuro y'ururimi rwungukirwa (Target Language Flow): Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga n'uburyo bwo kuyisanisha biza mbere, ariko mu Kinyaviyetinamu, ijambo ry'ibanze riza imbere hanyuma ibiyisobanura bikaza inyuma muri gahunda ihoraho. Gukurikiza iyi myubakire bituma inyandiko idasa nk'iyashyizwe mu mashine ihindura indimi (machine translation).
Ikoranabuhanga mu Guhindura no Gukemura Ibibazo Byaryo (Leveraging Translation Technology)
Kuri ubu, ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa ryoroheje umurimo wo guhindura, ariko ku ndimi zifite amashusho make y'inyandiko zagereranywa (low-resource languages) nk'Ikinyarwanda, ibikoresho nka Google Translate cyangwa DeepL bikunze gukora amakosa menshi igiye guhindura mu Kinyaviyetinamu. Umuhinduzi w'umwuga agomba gufata ibyavuye mu mashine nk'intangiriro gusa, hanyuma agasubiramo interuro ku yindi akoresheje ubwonko bwe kugira ngo inyandiko ibemo ubumuntu n'ubwenge buhagije. Kwibanda ku nteruro z'ikoranabuhanga zisaba guhuza amagambo, kwitonda ku bikoresho by'inyandiko, ndetse no kwemeza ko amagambo akoreshwa ajyanye n'igihe tugezemo.