Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rumwe ujya mu rundi ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'imico y'abazivuga. Iyo bigeze ku guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gitswana (Setswana), ururimi ruvugwa cyane muri Botswana ndetse no mu bice bimwe na bimwe by'Afurika y'Epfo, uyu murimo uba urimo amahirwe n'imbogamizi zihariye. Nubwo indimi zombi zibarizwa mu muryango mugari w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages), buri rurimi rufite imiterere, amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo, ndetse n'uburyo bwo kubaka interuro bitandukanye cyane. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bw'indimwe inzira n'inama zafasha umuhinduzi kugera ku musaruro mwiza kandi w'umwimerere.
Isano n'Itandukaniro Hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igitswana
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi akore akazi ke neza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa aho izi ndimi zombi zihurira n'aho zitandukanira. Mu rwego rw'inkomoko, zombi ni indimi z'Abantu. Ibi bishatse kuvuga ko zikoresha uburyo bw'uturemajambo twomekwa ku nshinga cyangwa ku mazina (agglutinative languages). Zombi kandi zifite ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes) bigenga uburyo interuro yubakwa n'uburyo ibice by'imvugo bihura (concordance).
Ariko rero, itandukaniro ryazo rirakomeye. Ikinyarwanda kibarizwa mu rwego rw'indimi z'akarere k'Ibiyaga Bigari (Great Lakes Bantu), mu gihe Igitswana kibarizwa mu ndimi za Sotho-Tswana (Zone S). Ibi bituma amagambo menshi y'ibanze yaba ay'inshinga cyangwa ay'amazina adasa na gato, nubwo imiterere y'uturemajambo ifite aho ihuriye. Umuhinduzi ntashobora kwishingikiriza ku kuntu ijambo ryumvikana mu Kinyarwanda ngo atekereze ko ari ko ryumvikana mu Gitswana. Urugero, inshinga cyangwa izina bishobora kugira intego imwe mu kibonezamvugo ariko imivugire n'inyandiko bikaba bitandukanye cyane.
Ibyiciro by'Amazina n'Isano Ryabyo mu Guhindura
Mu Kinyarwanda, dufite ibyiciro by'amazina bigera hafi kuri 16 (nk'icyiciro cya 1 cy'abantu kibanzirizwa n'akajambo "umu-", cyangwa icya 3 cy'ibintu kibanzirizwa na "iki-"). Igitswana na cyo gifite ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes), ariko bikoresha udasanduku n'utugambo tw'inyongera dutandukanye cyane. Mu Gitswana, icyiciro cy'abantu cyitwa "Mo-/Ba-" (urugero: "motho" bishatse kuvuga umuntu, n'indangagaciro y'ubwinshi "batho" bishatse kuvuga abantu). Icyiciro cy'ibintu mu Gitswana gishobora gutangirwa na "Se-/Di-" (urugero: "setlhare" bishatse kuvuga igiti, "ditlhare" ibiti).
Imbogamizi ikomeye ku muhinduzi ni ukumenya guhuza ibi byiciro by'amazina. Iyo uhindura interuro nk'iyi: "Umwana mwiza arakora", ugomba kumenya ko mu Gitswana "umwana" ari "ngwana" (ubwinshi: "bana"), kandi inyandiko n'ikibonezamvugo bigomba guhuzwa n'indangagaciro y'icyo cyiciro. Interuro y'Igitswana izaba: "Ngwana yo montle o a bereka". Aha, uburyo ubumwe bw'amazina buhuzwa n'inshinga ("o a bereka") n'inyongerabyerekano bikurikiza amategeko yihariye y'Igitswana adafite isano ya hafi n'iy'Ikinyarwanda nubwo imiterere y'isano ry'amagambo ihuye.
Ibihe by'Inshinga n'Uturemajambo Twomekwa
Kimwe mu bintu bigoye cyane mu guhindura Ikinyarwanda ujya mu Gitswana ni ibihe by'inshinga (verb tenses). Ikinyarwanda gifite ibihe byinshi kandi bifite uturemajambo twinshi twomekwa ku nshinga kugira ngo berekane igihe igikorwa kibereye (urugero: -ra-, -ka-, -z-, -ari-, n'ibindi). Igitswana na cyo gikoresha uturemajambo nk'utwo, ariko gifite uburyo butandukanye bwo kwerekana ibihe bya kera, ibya none, n'ibizaza.
Urugero, kugira ngo werekane igikorwa kiri kuba ubu mu Kinyarwanda, ushobora kuvuga uti: "Ndasoma ikinyamakuru". Mu Gitswana, bavuga bati: "Ke bala lokwalo". Muri iyi nteruro, "Ke" ni ijambo ryerekana umuntu uhagarariye inshinga (I), naho "bala" ikaba inshinga yo gusoma. Umuhinduzi agomba kuba maso kugira ngo atavanga imiterere y'inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda n'iz'Igitswana. Hari igihe Igitswana gikoresha utugambo tw'inyongera twitwa "auxiliary verbs" cyangwa "particles" kugira ngo byerekane neza inshuro igikorwa kiba cyangwa uburyo gikorwamo, ibyo bikaba bidafite urugero rugororotse mu Kinyarwanda.
Inzira y'Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo (Idioms and Cultural Adaptation)
Indimi zombi zikungahaye cyane ku migani, ibyivugo, imvugo z'ikigereranyo, n'imigani migufi ishingiye ku muco w'abaturage bazivuga. Abanyarwanda bafite imvugo nka "guca akenge", "gukubita ibano", cyangwa "kugira amatsiko". Izi mvugo ntushobora kuzihindura mu Gitswana ijambo ku rindi (literal translation), kuko zataza igisobanuro cyangwa zikaba ibitangaza mu matwi y'umuvuzi w'Igitswana.
Ku rundi ruhande, Igitswana gifite imvugo nka "go ja dinala" (bisobanura guhora ugenda cyangwa kugira amatsiko) cyangwa "go tsenya letsogo" (bisobanura gufasha cyangwa gutanga umusanzu). Umuhinduzi mwiza agomba kumenya umuco w'Abatswana (Batswana) kugira ngo ashobore kubona imvugo ihuye n'iy'Ikinyarwanda aho guhindura amagambo gusa. Kwiga no gusobanukirwa imico y'abaturage bo muri Botswana n'Afurika y'Epfo bituma umuhinduzi abona amagambo akwiriye adatesha inyandiko umwimerere wayo.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda n'Igitswana
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo n'ibikoresho bya mudasobwa: Nubwo nta nkoranyamagambo nini cyane ihuza Ikinyarwanda n'Igitswana ihari, koresha izihuza buri rurimi n'Icyongereza. Ibi bigufasha guhuza ibisobanuro binyuze mu rurimi rw'igihagararizi.
- Igombe gusuzuma inyandiko inshuro nyinshi: Nyuma yo guhindura, banza usome inyandiko mu Gitswana urebe niba isomeka neza nk'inyandiko yanditswe n'umunyagihugu uhavuga (native speaker).
- Sobanukirwa amategeko y'imyandikire y'Igitswana: Igitswana gifite amategeko yihariye y'imyandikire yemejwe na Leta. Umuhinduzi agomba kuyakurikiza neza kugira ngo inyandiko ye ibe yemewe mu rwego rw'ubwanditsi.
- Guhuza n'abandi bahinduzi: Gukorera hamwe cyangwa gusaba inama abandi bahinduzi bazi indimi zombi bituma ukora akazi gafite ireme kandi katagira amakosa menshi y'imyandikire cyangwa y'ibisobanuro.
Umwanzuro ku Murimo wo Guhindura
Guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gitswana si igikorwa cyo guhindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni uguhuza imico n'amateka by'abaturage batandukanye ariko bahujwe n'inkomoko ya Bantu. Binyuze mu gusesengura amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo, guhuza neza ibyiciro by'amazina, no kwitondera ibihe by'inshinga n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo, umuhinduzi arashobora gutanga inyandiko ifite ireme no koroshya isano n'imikoranire hagati y'abavuga izi ndimi zombi. Kwitoza guhoraho no kubaha ururimi ni byo shingiro ryo kuba umuhinduzi w'indashyikirwa.