Mitauro yeBantu inoumba hwaro hwenhoroondo, tsika, uye kutaurirana munharaunda yeodzanyemba neyepakati peAfrica. Pakati pemitauro iyi, Chishona (chinotaurwa munyika yeZimbabwe) neChichewa (chinozivikanwa zvakare seChinyanja munyika dzeMalawi, Zambia, neMozambique) inoratidza kufanana kukuru nekuda kwemidzi yakafanana. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo mitauro iyi iine ukama huri pedyo, kuturikira mabhuku kana magwaro kubva paChishona kuenda paChichewa kunoda unyanzvi hwakadzama kudarika kungochinjanisa mazwi. Gwaro rino rakagadzirirwa kutsanangura matanho, misiyano yechimiro chemutauro, uye matambudziko anowanzoonekwa nevatirikiri mukati merwendo urwu, kuitira kuve nechokwadi chekuti shanduro dzinoitwa dzinenge dzakanyatsonaka uye dzakavimbika.
1. Mipanda yeMazita (Noun Classes) neKuwirirana muChimiro
Chinhu chekutanga chinofanira kucherechedzwa nemuturikiri isimba remipanda yemazita muChishona neChichewa. Mitauro yose iri miviri inoshandisa zvivakashure kuisa mazita muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotonga mashandiro anoita zviito nemadudziramazwi. Somuenzaniso, mupanda wezvisikwa zvipenyu (Mupanda 1 ne2) unoshandisa "Mu-" muChishona ne "Mu-" kana "M-" muChichewa pachitsama, pamwe ne "Va-" (Shona) uye "A-" kana "Wa-" (Chichewa) pakuwanda.
Kuwirirana uku kunooneka zvakajeka muzvirevo zvinotevera:
| Mutauro | Mutsara wemuenzaniso | Tsananguro |
|---|---|---|
| Chishona (Source) | Mwana uyu anoda kudzidza zvakanaka. | Inoshandisa chivakashure "a-" kuratidza mupanda wekutanga pachitsama. |
| Chichewa (Target) | Mwana uyu akufuna kuphunzira bwino. | Chivakashure chinoramba chiri "a-", asi mashoko akaita se "kudzidza" anoshanduka kuita "kuphunzira". |
Nyaya inonetsa inouya pakushandisa zviratidzo zveruremekedzo. MuChishona, "Va-" inoshandiswa kuratidza ruremekedzo kumunhu mumwe chete (semuenzaniso: "VaMoyo vauya"). MuChichewa, ruremekedzo urwu runowanzoratidzwa nekuisa chivakashure chekuwanda chekuti "A-" (semuenzaniso: "A Moyo afika") kana kushandisa izwi rakadai rekuti "Bambo" (revarume) kana "Mai" (revakadzi). Muturikiri anofanira kungwarira kuti asangoshandura "Va-" kuita "Wa-" zvisina tsarukano, nekuti izvi zvinogona kuita kuti mutsetse unzwike sezvisiri izvo muChichewa chemunyika dzinogamuchira gwaro iroro.
2. Misiyano yeZviperengo neShamwari dzeNhema (False Friends)
Kunyangwe hazvo zvimwe zvirevo nekuumbwa kwemazwi zvakafanana, madonhedzero nemanyorerwo (orthography) anoratidza misiyano yakakosha. Chichewa chakave nekuvandudzwa kwemitemo yezviperengo kuburikidza nematunhu ehurumende dzeMalawi neZambia. Pano pane mabhii akaita se "ŵ" anomirira ruzha runoita kunge "w" asi runobuda mukati memuromo, urwo rusipo muChishona chazvino. Muturikiri anofanira kuziva manyorerwo chaiwo eChichewa chechizvino-zvino kuitira kudzivisa kunyora nechiperengo chekare.
Pamusoro pezvo, vatirikiri vanofanira kuchenjera kubva pamazwi anoda kufanana asi achireva zvakasiyana zvachose. Idzi ndidzo dzinonzi shamwari dzenhema (false friends). Tarisa mienzaniso inotevera munyaya yezviperengo nemashandisirwo:
- Matope: MuChishona izvi zvinoreva madhaka akavhenganiswa nemvura (mud). MuChichewa, izwi rinoshandiswa kureva daka rakadaro ndi "thope" kana "matope" (pakuwanda), asi pane nguva dzazvinogona kuvhiringidza nekuda kwechimiro chemataurirwo emutsetse.
- Kugeza / Kusamba: MuChishona tinoti "kugeza" tichireva kugeza muviri, maoko, kana midziyo. MuChichewa, "kusamba" inoshandiswa chete pakugeza muviri kana maoko, asi midziyo inonzi "kutsuka", zvipfeko zvichinzi "kuchapa". Muturikiri akashandisa "kusamba" pakuturikira kugeza kwemidziyo anenge aita chikanganiso chikuru.
- Mufaro vs Chimwemwe: Munyori weChishona anogona kunyora achiti "tine mufaro mukuru," asi muturikiri anofanira kuziva kuti muChichewa vanoti "tili ndi chimwemwe chachikulu." Kushandisa izwi rekuti "mufaro" mune Chichewa hakuna kujairika kunyangwe rimwe bazi revaChewa richigona kurinzwisisa pane zvimwe zvirongwa zvetetere.
3. Kudzika kweTsika: Tsumo nemadimikira
Kuturikira tsika ndiro dambudziko guru rekuturikira kwese. Tsumo dzeChishona dzinoratidza huchenjeri hwechiShona hunobva mukurarama nemhuka, matunhu, uye nhoroondo. Kana muturikiri akaedza kuturikira tsumo shoko neshoko, zvinoreva tsumo yacho zvinogona kurasika zvachose mune mumwe mutauro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti muturikiri anofanira kuita "transcreation" - kugadzira patsva shoko kuti rirambe riine revo yakafanana asi richishandisa tsika dzevanhu vanogamuchira mutauro lowo.
Muenzaniso weKuturikirwa kweTsumo:
Tsumo yeChishona inoti: "Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda."
Maturikiridzo emashoko ega-ega muChichewa: "Chala chimodzi sichipha nsabwe." (Izvi zvinonzwisisika, asi hazvina kunaka mune zvemitemo yetsika).
Maturikiridzo echokwadi netsika (Transcreation): "Chala chimodzi sichisenda nyama" (Chigunwe chimwe hachigoni kuvhiya nyama).
Nekushandisa tsumo yemutauro unogamuchirwa (target language) inowirirana nepfungwa yacho, muturikiri anovimbisa kuti gwaro rake rinoramba riri rehunyanzvi hwekururamisa tsika (cultural competence). Izvi zvinodzivirira muverengi kunzwa kunge ari kuverenga gwaro rakatorwa kune imwe nzvimbo rikangomanikidzirwa muChichewa.
4. Mazano neMatanho Ekutevera Kuti Shanduro Yako Ibudirire
Kuti shanduro yako ibude iri yenyanzvi uye inoyevedza, unofanira kutevera nzira idzi dzakagadzirirwa nemazvikokota:
- Ziva Vateereri Vako (Target Audience): Chichewa chinoshandiswa munyika dzakasiyana uye chine mitauro yematunhu (dialects) yakasiyana. Chichewa chinotaurwa muLilongwe chinogona kusiyana zvishoma neChinyanja chinotaurwa muLusaka kana icho chinotaurwa nevanhu vekuZimbabwe. Ziva kuti gwaro rako riri kuenda kupi kuitira kushandisa mazwi akakodzera.
- Shandisa Maturusi eMazuva Ano (CAT Tools): Kunyangwe uchinzwisisa mitauro iyi zvakadzama, kushandisa maduramazwi azvino nematurusi anochengetedza ndangariro dzekuturikira (Translation Memory) kunobatsira kuchengetedza kuwadzana kwemashoko (consistency) mumagwaro marefu.
- Dzivisa Kuturikira Shoko neShoko: Gara uchitsvaka revo yechokwadi yomutsara usati wauturikira. Chimiro chemitauro iyi chinogona kunge chichifanana mukurongeka kwemashoko (SVO), asi kutevedzera mazwi zvakanyanya kunoita kuti Chichewa chacho chinzwike sechakaoma.
- Verenga uye Rongedza (Review and Proofread): Mushure mekuturikira, ipa gwaro rako kune mutauri weChichewa kuti aongorore sekunge gwaro iroro ndimo marakanyorerwa pakutanga. Izvi zvinobatsira kubvisa zvikanganiso zvingasara pakuvhiringika kwezvakafanana mumitauro miviri iyi.
5. Misiyano yeMatunhu eChichewa (Regional Dialects)
Vaturikiri vazhinji vanotadza kunzwisisa kuti mutauro weChichewa/Chinyanja hauna kufanana kwese kwese kwazvinotaurwa. Munyika yeMalawi, mutauro uyu ndiwo mutauro mukuru wehurumende uye unodzidziswa muzvikoro zvakadzama. Saka, Chichewa chemuMalawi chinowanzozivikanwa sechiChewa chakatwasuka chine mitemo yakasimba uye mazwi akadzika anoshandisa mabhii akaita se "ŵ".
Nekune rimwe divi, muZambia mutauro uyu unodaidzwa kuti Chinyanja uye unowanzo shandisa mazwi ane chekuita nemaguta makuru, chine kusanganiswa kwemazwi kubva kuChibemba, Chishona, uye Chirungu. Kana muturikiri achiturikira gwaro rinoenda muZambia, anofanira kushandisa mazwi anozivikanwa uye ari nyore kunzwisisa munharaunda iyoyo. Kushandisa Chichewa chakaomarara chemuMalawi kuZambia kunogona kuita kuti gwaro racho rioneke serakaomera vaverengi vakajairika, nepo kushandisa Chinyanja chemuZambia muMalawi kuchionekwa sekusave nehunyanzvi hwekunyora magwaro ehurumende.