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Intshayelelo yeNguqulelo phakathi kwezi Lwimi zimbini zase-Afrika

Uhambo lokuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi zase-Afrika luyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lonxibelelwano, urhwebo, kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi kwilizwekazi jikelele. IsiXhosa, esilulwimi lwesintu oluthethwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika, kunye nesiAmharic (Amharic), esilulwimi lwesemiti olusemthethweni e-Ethiopia, zimele iintsika ezimbini ezinkulu zenkcubeko nonxibelelwano kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo ze-Afrika. Nangona zombini ezi lwimi zikwilizwekazi elinye, zivela kwiintsapho zeelwimi ezahluke ngokupheleleyo: isiXhosa silulwimi lweBantu oluvela phantsi kwentsapho yeNiger-Congo, ngelixa isiAmharic silulwimi lweSemitic oluvela kwintsapho yeAfroasiatic. Lo mahluko wezomnombo wezizwe udala imingeni eyodwa kunye namathuba anika umdla kakhulu kubaguquleli. Lo mbhalo uza kujonga nzulu kwinkqubo yokuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiAmharic, ugxininisa kwimiyezo yezolwimi, izakhiwo zezivakalisi, inkcubeko, kunye neengcebiso eziluncedo eziya kunceda abaguquleli ukuba bavelise umsebenzi okumgangatho ophezulu nonembileyo.

Ulwakhiwo Nomahluko Wezolwimi: IsiXhosa vs. IsiAmharic

Ukuze ukwazi ukuguqulela ngempumelelo ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiAmharic, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda umahluko omkhulu wokwakhiwa kwezi lwimi zimbini. Lo mahluko awufikeleli nje kuphela kwisigama, ukwatsibela nakwindlela ezakhiwe ngayo izivakalisi namagama uqobo.

Isakhiwo seZivakalisi (Syntax)

IsiXhosa silandela isakhiwo sezivakalisi esaziwayo sika-Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), oko kukuthi Umenzi-Isenzo-Umenziwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba isivakalisi siqala ngomenzi, kulandele isenzo, size sigqityelwe ngomenziwa. Umzekelo: "Inkwenkwe ifunda incwadi" (Inkwenkwe [Umenzi] + ifunda [Isenzo] + incwadi [Umenziwa]). Kwelinye icala, isiAmharic silandela isakhiwo sika-Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), oko kukuthi Umenzi-Umenziwa-Isenzo. Kule meko, isenzo sihlala siza ekugqibeleni kwesivakalisi. Umzekelo ofanayo kwisiAmharic uya kuba ngolu hlobo: "Inkwenkwe incwadi ifunda" (ልጁ መጽሐፍ ያነባል - Liju mets’haf yanebal). Umguquleli kufuneka aqaphele kakhulu olu tshintsho lwesakhiwo ukuze athintele ukwenza iimpazamo zolwakhiwo lwemitsho kwisiAmharic ezisenokwenza isicatshulwa sivakale singaqhelekanga okanye singaqondakali kubafundi baso.

Ukwakhiwa Kwamagama (Morphology)

IsiXhosa silulwimi oludibanisayo (agglutinative language). Sithembele kakhulu kwizimaphambili (prefixes) nezimamva (suffixes) ezinamathela kwisikhondo sesenzo okanye sesibizo ukubonisa ixesha, imo, isini, inkangeleko, kunye neklasi yesibizo. Esi sikhondo sitshintshayo sinika intsingiselo ebanzi egameni elinye. Kwelinye icala, isiAmharic silulwimi olusebenzisa inkqubo yeengcambu namaqhina (root-and-pattern system) eqhelekileyo kwiilwimi zesemiti. Apha, izibizo nezenzi zakhiwa ngokusasaza izikhamiso ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwee-consonants ezintathu okanye ezine eziyingcambu yegama. Umzekelo, iingcambu ze-consonants k-t-b zinxulumene nokubhala, kwaye amagama anjengokuba "bhala" okanye "incwadi" avela kolu lungelelwaniso ngokufaka izikhamiso ezithile. Oku kuthetha ukuba indlela yokucinga kunye nokwakha amagama yahluke kakhulu phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini, nto leyo efuna ulwazi olunzulu lwemithetho yokwakheka kwamagama kwiilwimi zombini.

Iiklasi ZeZibizo kunye KweSini (Noun Classes vs. Grammatical Gender)

IsiXhosa sinenkqubo entsonkothileyo yeeklasi zezibizo (noun classes), apho izibizo zihlulwa ngokwamacandelo ahlukeneyo (afana nabantu, izinto, izilwanyana, njalo-njalo) kwaye la macandelo alawula izivumelwano zomlinganiso kuso sonke isivakalisi. KwisiAmharic, le nkqubo ayikho. Endaweni yoko, isiAmharic sisebenzisa isini segrama (masculine kunye ne-feminine) esichaphazela izibizo, izimelabizo, kunye nezenzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa uguqulela isibizo sesiXhosa esikwiklasi ethile, kufuneka ukhethe isini esifanelekileyo kwisiAmharic, nto leyo enokubangela ubunzima xa isibizo singenaso isini esicacileyo ngokwemvelo.

Inkqubo Yenguqulelo Ngenyathelo neNyathelo

Ukufikelela kwinguqulelo esemgangathweni, umguquleli kufuneka alandele inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa iimpazamo kunye nokugcina intsingiselo yokuqala yesicatshulwa.

• Uhlalutyo lwesiXhosa: Funda isicatshulwa sokuqala ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze uqonde umongo, ithoni, kunye nomyalezo ofuna ukugqithiswa. Qaphela izaci namaqhalo, amagama abhekiselele kwinkcubeko yamaXhosa, kunye namagama anobunzima bezobuchwepheshe.
• Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sezivakalisi: Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, tshintsha isakhiwo ukusuka kwi-SVO yesiXhosa ukuya kwi-SOV yesiAmharic. Oku kufuna ukuba uqale ngokubeka omenzi, ulandelise ngomenziwa, uze ugqibele ngesenzo esilungiselelwe ngokwesini nexesha elifanelekileyo.
• Ubhalo lweGe'ez (Fidel): Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezi lwimi kukuba isiXhosa sisebenzisa ialfabhethi yesiLatini, ngelixa isiAmharic sisebenzisa ubhalo lwendabuko lwase-Ethiopia olwaziwa ngokuba yi-Ge'ez okanye Fidel (ፊደል). Umguquleli kufuneka abe nobuchule bokubhala nokufunda olu bhalo, kwaye aqonde indlela amagama abhalwa ngayo ngokuchanekileyo kwesi sikhokelo sobhalo olusekelwe kwisilabhili (syllabary).
• Ukihlola noHlelo: Emva kokugqiba inguqulelo, hlola isicatshulwa sesiAmharic ngokuchasene nesiXhosa sokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho lwazi lulahlekileyo okanye olutshintshiweyo. Kucetyiswa ukuba ufunde isicatshulwa sesiAmharic sime sodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba sihamba kakuhle kwaye sivakala njengesicatshulwa esabhalwa ngaloo lwimi kwasekuqaleni.

Ukuhlangabezana neMingeni yeNkcubeko kwinguqulelo

Inguqulelo ayingo tshintsho lwamagama kuphela; kukwasisenzo sokudibanisa iinkcubeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Inkcubeko yamaXhosa inxulumene kakhulu nendlela yokuphila yomphakathi, imbali yaseMzantsi Afrika, kunye neenkolelo zemveli. Ngokufanayo, isiAmharic sithwele imbali enobutyebi yenkolo yobuKrestu yase-Orthodox, inkcubeko yasentlango yaseMpuma Afrika, kunye nembali ende yase-Ethiopia engazange ibe phantsi kolawulo lobukoloniyali.

Xa uguqulela izaci namaqhalo, umzekelo, uguqulelo lomyalelo ngomyalelo (literal translation) lungasilela ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, isaci sesiXhosa esithi "Akukho nkwali yaphendula enye" singavakala singenantsingiselo xa siguqulelwe ngqo kwisiAmharic. Umguquleli kufuneka afune isaci esilinganayo kwisiAmharic esinefuthe elifanayo okanye acacise intsingiselo ngendlela eya kuthakazelelwa ngumfundi wase-Ethiopia. Oku kufuna ukuba umguquleli angabi nekhono lezolwimi kuphela, kodwa abe lufele lwenkcubeko kwiingingqi zombini.

Iingcebiso Eziluncedo zokuPhucula Inguqulelo Yezolwimi

Nantsi eminye imigaqo kunye neengcebiso eziya kunceda abaguquleli ukuba baphucule umgangatho womsebenzi wabo:

• Sebenzisa izichazi-magama ezikhethekileyo: Nangona kungekho zixhobo zininzi zedijithali eziguqulela ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiAmharic, ungasebenzisa isiNgesi njengelwimi elingamaweni (bridge language). Qinisekisa ukuba usebenzisa izichazi-magama ezinokuthenjwa zesiXhosa-nesiNgesi kunye nesiAmharic-nesiNgesi ukuze ufumane amagama achanekileyo.
• Nika ingqalelo kwiitoni neendlela zentlonipho: KwisiAmharic, kukho iindlela ezithile zokuthetha nabantu ezibonisa intlonipho enkulu (ezifana nokusebenzisa "እርስዎ" - irswo endaweni ka-"አንተ" - ante). Kufuneka udibanise oku nendlela intlonipho eboniswa ngayo kwisiXhosa (efana nokusebenzisa izimaphambili zentlonipho okanye amagama athile afana nelithi "bawo" okanye "mama").
• Qeqeshela ubhalo lweGe'ez: Ukuba ungumguquleli othetha isiXhosa, chitha ixesha elifanelekileyo ufunda isakhiwo nezandi zobhalo lweGe'ez. Oku kuya kukunceda ubhale amagama avela kwamanye amazwe ngendlela echanekileyo kwisiAmharic (transliteration).
• Sebenzisana neengcali: Xa uhlangabezana neetekisi ezinzima, soloko unxibelelana nabanye abaguquleli okanye abantu abathetha ezi lwimi njengeelwimi zabo zokuzalwa ukuze uqinisekise ukuba inguqulelo yakho ifikelela kowona mgangatho uphezulu.

Isiphelo neKamva leNguqulelo kwi-Afrika Ekhulayo

Ukukhula kobuchwepheshe kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe ase-Afrika kuvula iingcango ezininzi zenguqulelo phakathi kweelwimi zomthonyama. Ukuguqulela phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiAmharic akugcini nje ngokwakha ibhulorho phakathi koMzantsi Afrika neMpuma Afrika, kodwa kukwaphuhlisa ubutyebi beelwimi zethu kunye nokuzigcina ziphila kwixesha ledijithali. Ngokulandela le migaqo kunye neengcebiso ezikhankanyiweyo, abaguquleli banokwenza igalelo elikhulu ekwenzeni oku kube yimpumelelo.