Kumasulira kuli ngati kumanga mlatho pakati pa zikhalidwe ndi anthu a m'madera osiyana padziko lapansi. Mukamagwira ntchito yomasulira pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chitamulo (Tamil), mukukumana ndi zilankhulo ziwiri zomwe zili ndi mbiri, galamala, ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana kwambiri. Chichewa ndicho chilankhulo chadziko la Malawi komanso chimayankhulidwa m'madera ena a Zambia ndi Mozambique, pomwe Chitamulo ndi chilankhulo chakale kwambiri cham'gulu la zilankhulo za Dravidian chomwe chimayankhulidwa ku Southern India, Sri Lanka, ndi madera ena. Cholembedwa ichi chikuwunikira mozama njira, zovuta, ndi malangizo abwino kwambiri omwe akatswiri omasulira ayenera kutsatira pomasulira pakati pa zilankhulo ziwirizi.
Kusanthula Zilankhulo Ziwirizi: Bantu ndi Dravidian
Kuti womasulira achite bwino, chinthu choyamba ndikutenga nthawi yosanthula momwe zilankhulozi zilili. Chichewa ndi chilankhulo chomwe chili m'gulu la zilankhulo za Bantu (Niger-Congo). Izi zikutanthauza kuti chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la magulu a maina ndi kulumikiza mawu pogwiritsa ntchito zipeleko zoyambirira (prefixes). Kumbali inayi, Chitamulo ndicho chilankhulo chakale cholemera chomwe chili m'gulu la Dravidian. Ndicho chimodzi mwa zilankhulo zakale kwambiri zomwe zikudalirabe padziko lapansi masiku ano. Chitamulo chimadziwika ndi mapangidwe ake ophatikiza mawu pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira zakumapeto (suffixes), ndipo galamala yake imadalira kwambiri maubale amtundu wa anthu ndi ulemu. Kusiyana kumeneku kumapangitsa kumasulira pakati pa zilankhulozi kukhala luso lapadera lofuna chisamaliro chapamwamba.
Kusiyana kwa Mapangidwe a Ziganizo: Dongosolo la SVO ndi SOV
Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu pakumasulira kumeneku ndi kusiyana kwa kayendedwe ka ziganizo kapena kuti 'syntax'. Chichewa chimatsatira dongosolo lowongoka la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Tanthauzo lake ndiloti chiganizo chimayamba ndi munthu kapena chinthu chochita, chotsatiridwa ndi mawu ochita, ndipo pomaliza chimatsirizika ndi chinthu chochitidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chichewa timati: "Mlimi (S) alima (V) munda (O)".
Koma mu Chitamulo, kayendedwe ka ziganizo kamasintha kwathunthu kukhala Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Choncho, chiganizo chomwecho mu Chitamulo chidzakhazikitsidwa motere: "Mlimi munda alima" (விவசாயி நிலத்தை உழுகிறார் - Vivasayi nilathai ulugirar). Ngati womasulira angayesere kusunga dongosolo la Chichewa posonkhanitsa mawu a Chitamulo, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zolembedwa zosamveka ndipo owerenga sangapindule nazo. Omasulira ayenera kukhala odziwa bwino ntchito yosokoneza ndi kumanganso ziganizo kuti ziziyenda mwachibadwa malinga ndi malamulo a Chitamulo.
Kusiyana kwa Mapangidwe a Mawu: Zoyambirira ndi Zakumapeto
Chichewa ndi chilankhulo chomwe mapangidwe ake a mawu amadalira kwambiri zomangira zoyambira (prefixes). Mu Chichewa, mawu ochita amatha kukhala ndi zigawo zambiri zolumikizidwa kutsogolo kwake posonyeza amene akuchita, nthawi yomwe akuchitira, komanso mgwirizano wamagulu a maina. Mwachitsanzo, m'mawu akuti "tinawawona", tili ndi: "ti-" (ife), "-na-" (nthawi yapita), "-wa-" (iwo/achuluka a gulu loyamba), ndi "-wona" (tsinde la mawu ochita).
M'Chitamulo, zinthu zilidi mosiyana kwambiri chifukwa chimagwiritsa ntchito zomangira zakumapeto (suffixes) kupanga matanthauzo. Nkhani za malo (prepositions mu Chichewa, monga: mwa, pa, ku) zimasuliridwa m'Chitamulo monga ma suffixes omwe amaphatikizidwa kumapeto kwa maina. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "pasukulu" amasuliridwa m'Chitamulo kuti "palliyil" (palliyil imapangidwa kuchokera ku dzina lakuti "palli" kutanthauza sukulu, komwe kuwonjezedwa suffix "-yil" yosonyeza malo). Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira ayenera kukhala tcheru kwambiri ndi momwe amamasulira mawu ogwirizana a Chichewa kukhala ma suffixes oyenera m'Chitamulo kuti asataye tanthauzo loyenera la chiganizo.
Mgwirizano wa Maina ndi Mitundu ya Anthu (Noun Classes vs Gender Systems)
Chichewa chimatsatira dongosolo lalikulu kwambiri la magulu a maina (noun classes) okwana 18. Magulawa amakhazikitsidwa malinga ndi momwe maina amayambira komanso momwe amagwirizanirana ndi mawu ena m'chiganizo. Komabe, magulawa alibe mgwirizano wolunjika ndi jenda kapena kusiyanitsa pakati pa chwamuna ndi chachikazi.
Kumbali inayi, Chitamulo chimatsatira dongosolo lagalamala losiyana lomwe limadalira 'rationality' (anthu ndi milungu) ndi 'irrationality' (nyama, zinthu zopanda moyo). M'gulu la oganiza (rational), galamala imaphatikizapo kusiyanitsa kwenikweni pakati pa chamwamuna (masculine) ndi chachikazi (feminine). Kusiyana kumeneku kumakhudzanso kayendedwe ndi mapeto a mawu ochita (verbs). Mwachitsanzo, ngati wolemba mu Chichewa anati "phungu wanena", womasulira ayenera kudziwa ngati phunguyo ndi wamwamuna kapena wamkazi kuti athe kusankha mapeto oyenera a mawu ochita mu Chitamulo. Kupanda kutero, chiganizicho chidzamveka cholakwika komanso chosapatsa ulemu woyenera.
Miyambi ndi Kumasulira Potengera Chikhalidwe (Transcreation)
Kumasulira si nkhani ya mawu okha, komanso chikhalidwe. Chichewa ndi chilankhulo chomwe chili ndi miyambi yambiri yomwe imakhala ndi matanthauzo akuya. Mwachitsanzo, mwambi wakuti "Kugona pakati n'kuyambira m'mbali" umatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza kuti kuti ukwaniritse chinthu chachikulu uyenera kuyambira pazing'ono. Kumasulira mwambi umenewu mawu ndi mawu kupita m'Chitamulo kungapangitse kuti chiganizicho chisakhale ndi tanthauzo lililonse kwa owerenga a Chitamulo.
M'malo mwake, womasulira wanzeru adzafufuza mwambi kapena mawu amene olankhula Chitamulo amawagwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza lingaliro lomwelo. Chitamulo chilinso ndi miyambi yochuluka ya chikhalidwe chawo monga "அடிமேல் அடி அடித்தால் அம்மியும் நகரும்" (Kulimbikira kumatha kusuntha ngakhale mwala wolemera). Izi ndizo zomwe timati 'transcreation' — kutanthauza kumasulira mzimu wa uthenga osati mawu okha, kwinaku mukugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ndi malingaliro ogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha owerenga atsopano.
Malangizo Othandiza Pakumasulira Chichewa Kupita m'Chitamulo
Kuti ntchito yanu yomasulira ikhale yapamwamba komanso yomveka bwino, onetsetsani kuti mukutsatira mfundo zofunika izi:
- Phunzirani Galamala ya Chitamulo: Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi chidziwitso chonse ka kayendedwe ka SOV komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito ma suffixes osiyanasiyana posonyeza ubale wamawu.
- Pewani Kumasulira Mawu ndi Mawu: Kumasulira mawu ndi mawu kumabweretsa chisokonezo. Nthawi zonse masulirani matanthauzo ndi malingaliro athunthu a ziganizo.
- Sankhani Mawu a Ulemu Moyenera: Chitamulo chili ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a ulemu (honorific register). Nthawi zonse dziwani yemwe akulankhula ndi yemwe akulankhulidwa naye kuti mugwiritse ntchito mawu oyenera.
- Sinthani Ntchito Yanu potengera Chikhalidwe: Miyambi ndi nthano za m'Chichewa zizisinthidwa mwaluso kuti zigwirizane ndi miyambi komanso malingaliro amene alipo kale m'chikhalidwe cha Tamil.
- Werenganinso Lembalo Kawiri Kapena Katatu: Mukamaliza, patulani nthawi yowerenganso cholemba cha Chitamulo popanda kuyang'ana lemba la Chichewa. Izi zikuthandizani kuonetsetsa kuti lembalo likumveka mwachibadwa komanso bwino kwambiri.
Kutsiliza: Mlatho Wolumikiza Zikhalidwe Ziwiri
Kumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chitamulo ndiko kulumikiza anthu a ku Africa ndi a ku Asia kudzera m'mawu. Ngakhale kuti pali zovuta zambiri chifukwa cha mapangidwe a galamala ndi chikhalidwe zosiyana, njirayi ndi yotheka ndipo ndi yofunika kwambiri. Pokhala ndi malangizo omwe ali pamwambapa komanso kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa zilankhulo ziwirizi, omasulira atha kupanga zolembedwa zomwe sizimangotengera uthenga komanso zimasunga kukoma, kulemera, ndi kapezedwe kachibadwa ka chilankhulo chilichonse.