Intangiriro ku Miterere y'Indimi Zombi
Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa imvugo kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujya mu Kiyidishi (Yiddish) ni umurimo wihariye kandi usaba ubuhanga buhanitse mu rwego rw'ubuhinduzi. Izi ndimi zombi zituruka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose kandi zikagira imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo n'amateka byihariye bituma umuhinduzi agomba kuba afite amaso n'amatwi bifunguye. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) rukoreshwa cyane muri Afurika yo Hagati n'iburasirazuba, by'umwihariko mu Rwanda n'ibice by'ibihugu bihana imbibi na rwo. Ku rundi ruhande, Ikiyidishi ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Ikigeremani cy'Iburengerazuba (West Germanic languages), rwakoreshejwe cyane n'Abayahudi bo mu Burayi bw'Iburasirazuba n'o Hagati (Ashkenazi Jews), rukaba rwandikwa hakoreshejwe inyuguti z'Igihebyo (Hebrew alphabet). Izi tandukaniro zikomeye mu miterere, mu myandikire, no mu muco zifite ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo bwo guhindura inyandiko neza kugira ngo zumvikane mu buryo bukwiriye mu Kiyidishi.
Itandukaniro ry'Ikibonezamvugo n'Imiterere y'Imvugo
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye umuhinduzi w'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikiyidishi ahura nazo ni ikinyuranyo cy'imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo hagati y'izi ndimi. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rukomatanya (agglutinative language), aho amagambo aremwa binyuze mu gushyira uturemajambo nka mfashashinga n'utundi turemajambo (affixes) ku giceri cy'izina cyangwa cy'inshinga. Urugero, inshinga imwe y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora kubamo ubutumwa bwose bwerekeye igihe, uburyo, ugikora, n'uwo gikorwaho (urugero: "ndabigushakira"). Ibi bitandukanye rwose n'Ikiyidishi, kuko cyo gikurikiza imiterere y'indimi z'Ikigeremani, aho amagambo menshi agenda yigenga mu nteruro kandi inshinga n'amazina bikagira imiterere ihinduka hashingiwe ku bihe (tenses) n'uburyo (moods) bitari mu buryo bwo gukomatanya nk'ubw'Ikinyarwanda.
Uretse ibyo, Ikinyarwanda gifite amatsinda y'amazina cyangwa ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes) bigera kuri 16, bagenzura ubwumvikane bw'amagambo mu nteruro yose (grammatical agreement). Mu Kiyidishi, amazina agabanyijwe mu gitsina cy'amazina (gender: kigabo, kigore, n'ubutabera/neutre) nk'uko biri mu Kidage. Ibi bishatse kuvuga ko iyo uhindura inyandiko, ugomba kwitonda cyane kugira ngo uhindure neza ubwo bwumvikane bw'amazina n'ibihe, ukava mu buryo bw'ibyiciro by'amazina by'Ikinyarwanda ukajya mu buryo bw'igitsina cy'amazina cy'Ikiyidishi cyo mu muryango w'Ikigeremani.
Umuco, Imyizerere n'Amagambo y'Imitirire
Umuco ni inkingi ya mwamba mu buhinduzi. Ikinyarwanda gishingiye cyane ku muco nyarwanda, imyizerere ya gakondo, n'imibereho yo mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari. Ikiyidishi cyo gishingiye cyane ku muco n'imyizerere by'Abayahudi (Jewish culture and Judaism). Amagambo menshi y'Ikiyidishi afite inkomoko mu Gihebyo (Hebrew) n'Aramaiki (Aramaic), cyane cyane ayerekeye iyobokamana, iminsi mikuru, n'imigenzo y'Abayahudi. Guhindura interuro ivuga ku migenzo cyangwa ibiryo bya gakondo by'u Rwanda ujya mu Kiyidishi bisaba icyo bita "transcreation" cyangwa guhindura ubutumwa hakoreshejwe ibihuye nabyo mu muco w'intego aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi.
Urugero, amagambo nka "guca imanza", "gukurura amata", cyangwa amazina y'ibiryo nka "isombe" n' "ibitoki" ntaho bihuriye n'imibereho y'Abayahudi bakoresha Ikiyidishi. Umuhinduzi agomba gusobanura aya magambo mu buryo bwumvikana cyangwa agashaka amagambo y'Ikiyidishi asobanura ibintu bisa n'ibyo mu buryo bw'imikorere. Mu buryo bw'inyuranamo, amagambo y'Ikiyidishi akoreshwa mu mibereho ya buri munsi nk'ayerekeye "Kosher" (ibiryo byemewe n'amategeko ya Kiyahudi) cyangwa ibirori nka "Bar Mitzvah" agomba guhindurwa mu Kinyarwanda hifashishijwe ibisobanuro birambuye kuko nta magambo ahwanye nabyo neza ahari mu Kinyarwanda.
Myandikire n'Uburyo bwo Wandika Ikiyidishi
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi abahinduzi cyangwa abakoresha izi ndimi QC (Quality Control) bagomba kwitaho ni uburyo bwo kwandika. Ikinyarwanda cyandikwa hakoreshejwe inyuguti z'Ikilatini (Latin alphabet) kuva ibumoso ugana iburyo. Nyamara Ikiyidishi cyandikwa hakoreshejwe inyuguti z'Igihebyo (Hebrew script) kandi bikandikwa kuva iburyo ugana ibumoso (Right-to-Left - RTL). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi atagomba gusa kumenya indimi zombi, ahubwo agomba no kuba afite ubumenyi mu gukoresha porogaramu z'mudasobwa zikora ku nyandiko zandikwa mu buryo bwa RTL, no kumenya uko amatsinda y'amagambo n'ibiranga utwatuzo (punctuation marks) bikoreshwa mu myandikire y'Ikiyidishi. Uyu muco wo kwandika uva iburyo ugana ibumoso ushobora guteza ikibazo mu gihe cy'ihuzamiterere ry'inyandiko (formatting) mu mawebusayiti cyangwa mu bitabo by'indimi zombi.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikiyidishi
Kugira ngo ugerere ku musaruro mwiza kandi unogeje mu buhinduzi bwawe, dore zimwe mu nama z'inzobere wagenderaho:
- Gukoresha Ururimi rw'Umuhuza (Pivot Language): Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo zikomeye zihuriyeho Ikinyarwanda n'Ikiyidishi mu buryo butaziguye, abahinduzi benshi bifashisha icyongereza cyangwa igifaransa nk'ururimi rw'umuhuza. Ibi biba bigomba gukoranwa ubwitonzi kuba ubutumwa budatakara cyangwa ngo buhinduke mu nzira.
- Kwiga Imiyoboro n'Imigenzo y'Abayahudi: Kumva neza amateka y'Abayahudi b'Ashkenazi n'imikoreshereze y'Ikiyidishi mu bihugu nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Isiraheli, n'Uburayi bifasha mu gusobanukirwa neza umukono w'inyandiko n'imvugo z'ikinyabupfura zikwiye gukoreshwa.
- Kwitonda ku Mizi y'Amagambo: Ikiyidishi gifite amagambo akomoka mu Kidage (Germanic), mu Gihebyo (Semitic), no mu ndimi z'Abasilave (Slavic). Buri muzi ufite uburyo ukoreshwamo. Amagambo akomoka mu Gihebyo akoreshwa cyane mu bintu by'iyobokamana, mugihe ay'Ikigeremani akoreshwa mu mibereho ya buri munsi.
- Gukoresha Ikoranabuhanga rikwiriye: Ukoreshe amakarita y'inyuguti (keyboard layouts) akwiriye kandi ukore isuzuma ry'inyandiko (proofreading) ukoresheje abantu bavuga Ikiyidishi nk'ururimi rwabo rwa kavukire cyangwa abanyamuryango b'uwo muco.
Umwanzuro n'Ahazaza h'Ubuhinduzi hagati y'izi Ndimi
Guhindura inyandiko hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikiyidishi ni inzira igaragaza ubukungu n'ubutunzi bw'indimi z'abantu n'uko zishobora guhuzwa nubwo zaba zitandukanye cyane. Nubwo hari ibibazo by'imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo n'itandukaniro ry'umuco, umuhinduzi w'umwaga ushobora kubonera ibisubizo mu bushakashatsi bwimbitse n'ubumenyi bw'imico yombi. Binyuze mu gusesengura neza uturemajambo tw'Ikinyarwanda no kubona ibinyuranye nabyo mu nkoranyamagambo n'imyandikire y'Ikiyidishi, ubutumwa bushobora kwambuka imipaka y'umuco n'imiterere y'isi nta gihombo kibayeho, bityo bigateza imbere isano hagati y'abavuga Ikinyarwanda n'abakoresha Ikiyidishi ku isi yose.