Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezingahlobene nhlobo ngokomlando nangokwejografi kuhlale kuyinselele enkulu kubahumushi nochwepheshe bezilimi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuhumusha kusuka ngesiZulu, okuwulimi lwendabuko lwaseNingizimu Afrika olungaphansi komndeni wezilimi zeBantu, ukuya ngesiPholishi (Polish), ulimi lwaseYurophu emaphakathi olungaphansi kwezilimi zeSlavic, kudinga ukuqonda okujulile hhayi nje kuphela kwamagama kodwa nendlela izilimi ezakhiwe ngayo kanye namasiko abakhulumi bazo. Leli phepha lihlaziya ngokujulile inqubo, izihibe ezijwayelekile ezivelayo, kanye namasu angcono kakhulu okuhumusha ngempumelelo phakathi kwalezi zilimi ezimbili ezicebile kakhulu ngokomlando.
Uhlelo Lwezilimi Oluhlukile: Izivumelwano Nezimo Zamabizo
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesiZulu nesiPholishi ulele endleleni izilimi ezakhiwe ngayo (morphology and syntax). IsiZulu silimi olusebenzisa kakhulu izijobelelo nezilethi ukwakha amagama (agglutinative language). Kusetshenziswa izigaba zamabizo ezihlukahlukene ezilawula izivumelwano kuyo yonke imisho. Uma uhumusha isenzo noma isiphawulo, kufanele usithole isivumelwano esifanele kuye ngesigaba sebizo elikhulunywayo. Isibonelo, ibizo elithi "umuntu" linesivumelwano esihlukile kwelithi "izinto". Lokhu kusho ukuthi isenzo noma isiphawulo sishintsha isiqalo saso ukuze sivumelane nebizo eliyinhloko yomusho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiPholishi silimi olusebenzisa kakhulu ukuguquguquka kwamagama (inflected language). Esikhundleni sokuba neziziba zamabizo eziningi njengesiZulu ezilawula isiqalo samagama, isiPholishi sinezimo zamabizo eziyisikhombisa (cases) ezaziwa ngokuthi yi-przypadki. Lezi zimo zibonakala ngokushintsha kweziphetho zamagama (suffixes) kuye ngokuthi ibizo lidlala yiphi indima emusheni. Lezi zimo yilezi:
- Mianownik (Nominative) - isimo sobunikazi noma somenzi womsebenzi okhulunywayo.
- Dopełniacz (Genitive) - isimo sokungabikho, sobunikazi obuthile, noma esisetshenziswa ngemuva kokulandula.
- Celownik (Dative) - isimo somamukeli wesenzo noma lowo owenzelwa okuthile.
- Biernik (Accusative) - isimo somenziwa oqondile emusheni.
- Narzędnik (Instrumental) - isimo sethuluzi elisetshenziswayo noma indlela into eyenziwa ngayo.
- Miejscownik (Locative) - isimo sendawo lapho into yenzeka khona, esihlale sidinga isilethi.
- Wołacz (Vocative) - isimo sokubiza umuntu, isilwane, noma into lapho ukhuluma nayo ngqo.
Ukuze umhumushi ahumushe kahle kusuka ngesiZulu ukuya ngesiPholishi, kufanele aqonde ukuthi izivumelwano zesiZulu zihlangana kanjani nalezi zimo zamabizo zesiPholishi. Ukungaqondi kahle leli phuzu kungaholela ekutheni umbhalo ohunyushiwe ungazwakali kahle kubakhulumi bomdabu basePoland, futhi ungalandeli imithetho yohlelo lwabo lolimi oluqinile.
Izigaba Zamabizo NgesiZulu vs Ubulili NgesiPholishi
IsiZulu sinezigaba zamabizo ezingaphezu kwezingu-15 (noun classes), ezihleleke kakhulu ngokobunye kanye nokuningi, kanye nezimpawu zomuntu noma izinto ezingaphili. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwenza kube lula ukuchaza izinto ezithile ngokuqondile nangokucacile. NgesiPholishi, isimiso sezigaba zamabizo asikho; kunalokho, kunesimiso sobulili (gender system). Amabizo onke ahlukaniswa ngobulili obuthathu obuyinhloko:
- Ubulili besilisa (Masculine / męski) - amabizo agcina ngongwaqa abaningi.
- Ubulili besifazane (Feminine / żeński) - amabizo agcina ngomsindo u-a kakhulu.
- Ubulili obuphakathi (Neuter / nijaki) - amabizo agcina ngomsindo u-o, u-e, noma u-ę.
Inselele enkulu lapha ivela lapho isigaba sebizo lesiZulu singahambelani ngqo nobulili obuthile besiPholishi. Isibonelo, izinto ezingenampilo ezifana nencwadi (isigaba 9 ngesiZulu) zingaba ngezesifazane ngesiPholishi (książka), kanti imoto (isigaba 9 ngesiZulu) iba ngeyesilisa (samochód). Umhumushi kufanele aqaphele kakhulu ukuthi angasebenzisi isivumelwano esingalungile lapho eguqulela amabizo esiZulu aye kwesiPholishi, ngoba ubulili bebizo bulawula nezichasiso nezenzo ezihambisana nalo.
Ukuhumusha Isenzo Nesikhathi NgesiPholishi
Isenzo ngesiZulu sinothile kakhulu ngezikhathi (tenses) kanye nezimo (aspects). Singakhombisa isikhathi esidlule esiseduze, isikhathi esidlule esikude, isikhathi samanje, nesikhathi esizayo. Futhi, isiZulu sisebenzisa izakhi ezifana no-sa-, se-, no-ka- ukukhombisa ukuqhubeka noma ukungaphumeleli kwesenzo okwamanje. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuchaza isimo ngqo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amagama amaningi ahlukene.
NgesiPholishi, izenzi zinendlela ehlukile yokuhlelwa kwesikhathi nemimo (verbs of aspect). Kunokuhlukaniseka phakathi kwesenzo esiphelele (perfective / dokonany) nesenzo esingaphelele (imperfective / niedokonany). Isenzo esiphelele sikhombisa ukuthi isenzo siqedwe ngokuphelele esikhathini esidlule noma sizodingeka siqedwe esikhathini esizayo. Esingaphelele sikhombisa inqubo eqhubekayo noma ephindaphindwayo. Lapho uhumusha umusho wesiZulu oqukethe isenzo esiqhubekayo, kufanele ukhethe isenzo esifanele sesiPholishi esikhombisa leso simo, kungenjalo umqondo womusho uzoguquka ngokuphelele.
Umehluko Wamasiko Nemisho Yezaga Nomoya Wombhalo
Ulimi luyisibuko sesiko labantu abalukhulumayo. IsiZulu siqukethe izaga eziningi nemisho yezembe ezisekelwe empilweni yasemaphandleni, ezifuyweni (ikakhulukazi izinkomo), kanye nendlela yokuphila yomphakathi wamaZulu yendabuko. Izaga ezifana nelithi "Indlovu ayisindwa umboko wayo" noma "Imikhondo yezinkomo izongana" zidinga ukuqondwa kabanzi ngaphambi kokuba zihunyushwe.
Uma uhumushela lezi zaga ngesiPholishi, ukuhumusha ngezwi nezwi (literal translation) akusebenzi neze futhi kungadala ukdideka okukhulu. Isibonelo, ukuhumusha "indlovu" njenge-słoń nemithwalo yayo ngeke kulethe umqondo ofanele kumfundi wasePoland ongazi lutho ngamasiko wamaZulu. Umhumushi kufanele afune isaga sesiPholishi esinomqondo ofanayo (idiomatic equivalent) noma achaze umqondo waso ngamagama alula kodwa acacile afaneleka kulabo abazofunda umbhalo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-transcreation - ukudala kabusha umbhalo ukuze uhambisane nesiko nomoya walabo abazowufunda.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Kubahumushi NgesiZulu NgesiPholishi
Ukuze uthole umphumela osezingeni eliphezulu, onembile nonamanzi lapho uhumusha phakathi kwalezi zilimi ezimbili, landela lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo zomsebenzi wezandla:
- Ungahumushi ngezwi nezwi: Gxila emqondweni jikelele nombiko womusho kunokugxila egamani ngalinye elisetshenzisiwe.
- Qonda izimo zamabizo zesiPholishi: Qinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa isimo sebizo esifanele kuye ngendawo yalo nemisebenzi yalo emusheni wesiPholishi ukuze ugweme amaphoso ohlelo.
- Sebenzisa izichazamazwi ezikhethekile nezizinda zolwazi: Njengoba kungekho zichazamazwi eziningi eziqondile phakathi kwesiZulu nesiPholishi, sebenzisa isiNgisi njengebhuloho (bridge language) kodwa ube uqaphela ukugwema iziphoso zokuhumusha kabili ezibangelwa ukungaqondani.
- Funda kabusha futhi uhlele kahle: Ngemuva kokuhumusha, shiya umbhalo isikhathi esincane bese ubuyela kuwo ukuze uwufunde ngeso elisha, uqinisekise ukuthi ugeleza kahle njengolimi lwemvelo.
- Hlola nomkhulumi womdabu: Uma kungenzeka, cela umkhulumi womdabu wesiPholishi ukuba abuyekeze umbhalo ohunyushiwe ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi wonke amagama asetshenzisiwe afanelekile ngokwendlela yokukhuluma yendawo.
Ukuhumusha kusuka ngesiZulu ukuya ngesiPholishi kuwumsebenzi odinga ubuciko obukhulu, ukubekezela, kanye nolwazi olujulile lwezilimi zombili. Ngokulandela lezi zindlela namasu achazwe kuleli phepha, abahumushi bangakwazi ukwakha amabhuloho okuqondana aqinile phakathi kwalezi zizwe ezimbili ezihlukene ngokwamasiko nangokwendawo, basize nasekuthuthukisweni kwezilimi zombili emhlabeni wezobuchwepheshe nokuxhumana.