Ukuguqulela ukusuka kolunye ulwimi lwesiBantu ukuya kolunye, njengokusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiSwahili (Kiswahili), luphuhliso olubalulekileyo kakhulu kule mihla siphila kuyo yoqhakamshelwano lwe-Afrika jikelele. Nokuba kungenxa yezoshishino, yezemfundo, yezobuchwepheshe, okanye yezamasiko nezithethe, isidingo sokuguqulela phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini zibalulekileyo sizisa amathuba amatsha kodwa sikwazisa nemiceli-mngeni eyahlukeneyo. Esi sikhokelo sijonga nzulu kule nkqubo, sitsalela ingqalelo kwiinkalo ezibalulekileyo, umahluko nemfano phakathi kwezi lwimi, kunye namacebiso ancedayo ukwenza umsebenzi ogqibeleleyo woguqulelo.
Ukufana Kwezakhiwo: Iilwimi Zosapho Olunye ZesiBantu
Isiseko sokuqala emasisikhumbule kukuba zombini ezi lwimi zikwisikhondo esinye sezilwimi ze-Niger-Congo, ngokukodwa iilwimi zesiBantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba zabelana ngezakhiwo ezininzi zolwimi ezenza inkqubo yoguqulelo ibe lula ngandlela thile xa ithelekiswa nokuguqulela kwiilwimi zaseYurophu ezifana nesiNgesi okanye isiFrentshi.
Enye yezinto ezifanayo kakhulu yinkqubo yeeklasi zamabizo (noun class system). KwisiXhosa nakwisiSwahili, amabizo ahlulahlulwe ngokweeklasi ezahlukeneyo eziqinisekisa ukuba izichazi, izenzi, kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nawo ziyahambelana (concordial agreement). Umzekelo, kwisiXhosa, isichazi sihambelana nesibizo (umntu omhle), kwaye kwisiSwahili nakhona kunjalo (mtu mzuri). Loo nto ithetha ukuba umguquleli oqondayo indlela ezisebenza ngayo iiklasi zamabizo kwisiXhosa uya kukwazi ukuyitshatisa lula loo nto neeklasi zamabizo ezifanelekileyo kwisiSwahili (ezaziwa ngokuba zii-ngeli kulo lulwimi). Oku kwenza kube lula ukugcina intsingiselo kunye nesakhiwo solwimi sentsusa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimvisiswano yezivakalisi.
Ukongeza, zombini ezi lwimi zithatha uhlobo lolwimi olubizwa ngokuba yi-agglutinative language. Oku kuthetha ukuba amagama, ingakumbi izenzi, akhiwa ngokudibanisa izimaphambili (prefixes), izimaphakathi (infixes), kunye nezizimva (suffixes) kwingcambu yesenzi enye. Umgqutyalelwa woguqulelo kule nkalo kufuneka ahlolisise la maqhekeza amagama ukuze aqonde ixesha lesenzi (tense), umenzi (subject), kunye nomenziwa (object) ngaphambi kokuba adlulisele loo ngcaciso kwinguqulelo yakhe.
Umahluko Obalulekileyo: Ukuphambuka Kweendlela Neempawu
Nangona zombini ezi lwimi zikwisikhondo esinye, kukho umahluko omkhulu ekufuneka umguquleli abe nokuqonda okunzulu ngawo ukuze athintele iimpazamo zoguqulelo lwenkobe (literal translation errors). Umahluko obalulekileyo ulele kula manqaku alandelayo:
- Izandi ezinqonqozayo (Clicks): Enye yeempawu ezaziwayo zesiXhosa kukusetyenziswa kwezandi ezinqonqozayo (c, q, x) ezithatyathwe kwiilwimi zamaKhoisan. IsiSwahili sona asinawo kwaphela la masolotya nezandi ezinqonqozayo. Le nto inempembelelo ekubhalweni nasekubizweni kwamagama afana namagama abantu neendawo. Umguquleli kufuneka azi ukuba angawabhala njani amagama anezandi ezinqonqozayo kwisiSwahili ukuze abafundi baso bakwazi ukufunda nokubiza amagama lawo ngokuchanekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha esebenzisa iindlela zopelo ezikhaphukhaphu okanye ezitolikiweyo.
- Impembelelo Zolwimi Lwasemzini: IsiSwahili sinempembelelo enkulu kakhulu yolwimi lwesi-Arabhu (Arabic), isiPersian, nesiNgesi ngenxa yembali yokurhweba kunye nezenzo zonqulo kuNxweme lwaseMpuma Afrika. Ngaphezu kwama-35% amagama esiSwahili avela kwisi-Arabhu. Ngakolunye icala, isiXhosa sinempembelelo yamaKhoisan, isiNgesi, kunye nesiBhulu (Afrikaans). Oku kuthetha ukuba amagama emiba emitsha, ezenkolo, okanye ezolawulo nawezemali adla ngokuhluka ngokupheleleyo ngemvelaphi kwaye afuna uphando olunzulu ukuze kufunyanwe amagama ahambelanayo nentsingiselo.
- Izimbo zolwimi namatoni (Tone vs Stress): KwisiXhosa, itoni (tone) idlala indima enkulu ekumhneni nasekohluleni intsingiselo yamagama afana ngopelo (umzekelo: ithanga elingumntwana wentombazana kunye nethanga eliyifama). IsiSwahili isininzi salo asisebenzisi toni ukwahlula intsingiselo; kunoko, sisebenzisa uxinzelelo (stress) kwisiseko sesibini ekugqibeleni kwegama. Umguquleli kufuneka abhale izivakalisi ngendlela ecacileyo ukuze intsingiselo ingabikho semngenyeni ngenxa yokungabikho kwetoni kwisiSwahili.
Imingeni Eqhelekileyo Kwinkqubo Yoguqulelo
Omnye weyona mingeni mikhulu kukuguqulela izaci namaqhalo (idioms and proverbs). Izaci zesiXhosa zithwele imbali, inkcubeko, nendlela yokuphila yabantu bakwaXhosa (njengokwaluswa, imfuyo, neendlela zakudala zokuhlala). Kwicala lesiSwahili, izaci zabo zithembela kakhulu kubomi baselwandle, kwezokurhweba, nakwiinkolelo zonqulo lobuSilamsi nezenkcubeko ye-Uswahili (Swahili maritime culture). Umzekelo, iqhalo lesiXhosa elithi "Inja yomoya ayitholi nto" alikwazi ukuguqulelwa ngqo ngokwentsusa yamagama kwiSwahili. Umguquleli kufuneka afune iqhalo lesiSwahili elinaloo ntsingiselo inye okanye alicacise ngamagama alula anika intsingiselo egqibeleleyo yesiXhosa ngendlela eqondwayo ngumfundi weSwahili (njengokusebenzisa iqhalo elithi "Mchumia juani hulia kivulini" okanye afune elinye elifanelekileyo).
Omnye umngeni ngowamagama avela kwitekhnoloji nenkqubela-phambili yanamhlanje. Nangona i-TUKI (isiseko sophando lweswahili eTanzania) yenze umsebenzi omkhulu wokuyila amagama amatsha ezobuchwepheshe kwisiSwahili (afana ne-tarakilishi kwi-computer, ne-barua pepe kwi-email), kwisiXhosa kukho amaxesha apho kusasetyenziswa amagama abolekiweyo kwisiNgesi asuntsu. Apha umguquleli kufuneka abe nobuchule bokungafaki amagama esiNgesi ngqo kwisiSwahili ukuba akhona amagama amiselweyo alowo lulwimi, okanye akhethe elona gama liza kuqondakala ngokubanzi.
Amacebiso Abalulekileyo Koguqulelo Oluyimpumelelo
Ukuze ukwazi ukuguqulela ngendlela enobungcali kwaye eyamkelekayo kubafundi bezi lwimi zimbini, nceda ulandele la macebiso alandelayo:
- Ungaguquleli igama negama (Avoid Literal Translation): Gxila kakhulu kwintsingiselo yesivakalisi nentsusa yomyalezo. Qonda okubhalwe kwisiXhosa kuqala, uze uyile isivakalisi esitsha kwisiSwahili esikhala kamnandi endlebeni yomSwahili wasekhaya.
- Hlonipha Izithethe Zolwimi Lokuya (Respect Target Dialects): IsiSwahili sinoluhlu obalulekileyo lwezithethe (dialects). IsiSwahili esithethwa eTanzania (esaziwa njengesiSwahili esisemgangathweni - Kiunguja) sahlukile kuneso saseKenya okanye sase-Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Phambi kokuba uqale ukuguqulela, qiniseka ukuba uyazi ukuba ngabaphi abafundi ekujoliswe kubo ukuze usebenzise isigama neesakhiwo eziza kwamkeleka kubo.
- Sebenzisa Izichazi-magama Nezixhobo Ze-Intanethi Ezithembekileyo: Sebenzisa izichazi-magama zesiBantu ezithembekileyo ezahlukeneyo. Imithombo evela kwii-yunivesithi neendawo zophando lwesiSwahili eTanzania naseKenya inceda kakhulu ekufumaneni amagama amatsha neempendulo kwimibuzo enzima yesigama.
- Qinisekisa uMoya Nokuziphatha (Tone and Register): Qiniseka ukuba ithoni yombhalo wokuqala igcinwa injalo. Ukuba umbhalo wesiXhosa ubalulekile kwaye unembeko enkulu (formal/respectful), isivakalisi sesiSwahili kufuneka sibhalwe ngokuhloniphekileyo, mhlawumbi sisebenzisa izakhiwo zembeko ezifana nokusebenzisa "Ndugu" okanye amazwi okuhlonihla asekuhlaleni.
Ukuguqulela phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiSwahili akuthethi nje ngokutshintsha amagama, kodwa kukwakha ibhulorho yophuhliso nenkqubela-phambili phakathi kwesizwe sasemzantsi nezo zakuMbindi naseMpuma Afrika. Ngokulandela le miyalelo nale mimiselo icacisiweyo apha ngentla, abaguquleli banokwenza umsebenzi ogqibeleleyo ozisa impumelelo nemvisiswano, uphakamise iilwimi zethu zesiBantu kumgangatho wehlabathi jikelele.