Ko te whakawhiti reo i waenga i te reo Māori me te reo Tiwana (Javanese) he kōrero mō te hononga i waenga i ētahi o ngā reo nunui o te whānau reo Aotironehia (Austronesian). Ahakoa he tuakana, he teina ēnei reo i roto i ngā kōrero hītori o te reo, he tino rerekē ō rātou hanganga wetereo, ō rātou tikanga pāpori, me ngā tūāhua o te ao e whakaahuatia ana e rātou. Ko tēnei tuhinga e whakatakoto ana i ngā karangatanga wetereo, ngā uauatanga o te ahurea, me ngā tohutohu whaihua mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo e hiahia ana ki te whakaoti i tētahi mahi whakawhiti kounga teitei mai i te reo o Aotearoa ki te reo o Java, i Inonihia.
Ngā Whakapapa o te Reo: Te Hononga Aotironehia
I mua i te ruku hōhonu ki ngā hanganga, me mārama tātou ki te whakapapa o ngā reo e rua. He mema ēnei e rua nō te whānau reo Aotironehia, ko te tikanga, he kupu ō rite ō rātou mō ngā mea taketake pēnei i te wai (tiwana: banyu / toya, māori: wai) me te rangi (tiwana: langit, māori: rangi). Heoi, he maha ngā rautau kua pahure mai i te wā i wehe ai ēnei reo, ā, kua whanake te reo Tiwana i raro i ngā awe o te reo Whakatapatapu (Sanskrit), te reo Arapia, me te reo Hōrana. Mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo Māori, he mea nui te mohio ki tēnei hītori kia kitea ai ngā ritenga huna, engari me tupato kei pōhēhē he rite tonu te whakamahi i ngā kupu rite.
Ngā Taumata Pāpori o te Reo Tiwana: Te Ngoko me te Krama
Ko tētahi o ngā tino wero i roto i te whakawhiti reo ki te reo Tiwana ko te pūnaha taumata reo pāpori. Kāore he pūnaha pēnei i roto i te reo Māori. I roto i te reo Tiwana, he mea nui te hononga o te kaiwhakawhiti kōrero me te kaiwhakarongo. Kua wehea te reo ki ngā taumata matua e rua:
- Ngoko: Ko te reo noa tēnei, e whakamahia ana i waenga i ngā hoa tata, te whānau, me te tangata e kōrero ana ki tētahi e teina ana ki a ia.
- Krama: Ko te reo whakahonore tēnei, e whakamahia ana ki ngā kaumātua, ki ngā rangatira, ki ngā tangata rānei kāore i te mohiotia paitia. Ko tēnei taumata e whakaatu ana i te manaaki me te whakaute.
Mēnā e whakawhiti ana koe i te kōrero a tētahi rangatira Māori e kōrero ana i runga i te marae, tērā pea me whakamahi te reo Krama Alus (te taumata tino whakaute o te Krama) i roto i te reo Tiwana hei whakaatu i te mana o te kaiwhakatakoto kōrero. Ki te huri te kōrero ki tētahi mahi noa o te ao, pēnei i te kōrero a ngā tamariki, me huri te wetereo ki te Ngoko. Ki te kore tēnei e whakatikaina, ka puta he ahua kotiti, he kore whakaute rānei ki te reo e tumanakohia ana e ngā iwi Tiwana.
Te Wetereo me te Nuku o ngā Kupu: Mai i te VSO ki te SVO
He rerekē te raupapa wetereo matua o ngā reo e rua. Ko te reo Māori he reo VSO (Verb-Subject-Object), ko te tikanga, ka tīmata te rerenga kōrero ki te kupu mahi. Ko te reo Tiwana ia, he reo SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), he rite tonu tōna hanganga ki te reo Ingarihi.
Me whakarite te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki te whakatika i te rere o te whakaaro. Hei tauira, me titiro ki te rerenga kōrero Māori:
"Kua kainga e te kurī te kai." (Ko te reo hāngū, Passive voice).
I te reo Tiwana, ka taea te whakaatu tēnei mā te whakamahi i te pūhono hāngū di-:
"Panganan kuwi dipangan asu." (Ngoko) rānei "Teti tiang dipangan kirik." (Krama).
Ko te mārama ki te mahi a ngā prefix (pēnei i te ng-, m-, di-, tak-) i roto i te reo Tiwana he mea nui hei whai i te ngawari o te reo taketake o te Māori.
Te Whakawhiti i te Mana, te Tapu, me te Mauri ki ngā Ariā Tiwana
Ko te taha ahurea te wāhanga matua o te whakawhiti reo. He maha ngā kupu Māori kāore he tino whakamaoritanga ngawari ki ētahi atu reo, ina koa ngā reo o waho atu o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Ko ngā kupu pēnei i te mana, tapu, me te mauri he tauira pai. Me pēhea te whakawhiti i ēnei ki te reo Tiwana?
- Mana: Tērā pea ka taea te whakamahi i ngā kupu Tiwana pēnei i te kasekten (mana wairua, mana tūpuna) rānei ko te kawibawan (mana rangatira, kōrero e whakautehia ana).
- Tapu: I te reo Tiwana, he ariā e kīia ana he sirik, he pamali rānei, e tohu ana i ngā mea e rāhuitia ana, e whakatapua ana e ngā tikanga tūpuna.
- Mauri: Ko te kupu Tiwana urip (te ora) rānei sukma (te wairua o te mea ora) e tiri ana i ētahi āhuatanga o te mauri, ahakoa me whakamārama ake i roto i te horopaki.
Ko te tohutohu pai mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo ko te whakauru i tētahi kupu whakamārama poto (gloss) mēnā he mea tino nui te kupu Māori taketake ki te horopaki. Mā tēnei e tiaki te pono o te tikanga taketake, me te kore e whakapōhehetia te kaiwhakarongo Tiwana ki ngā ariā rerekē o tōna ake ahurea.
Ngā Tohutohu Whaihua mō te Kaiwhakawhiti Reo
Mēnā kei te mahi koe i tētahi kaupapa whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Tiwana, Anei ētahi tohutohu matua hei whai māu:
- Aromatawaia te Kaimatakitaki: Whakatauhia i mua i te tīmatanga mēnā me whakamahi te reo Ngoko, te reo Krama rānei. Ko te nuinga o ngā tuhinga ōkawa pēnei i ngā pukapuka mātauranga me ngā karere me tuhi ki te reo Krama.
- Kia tupato ki ngā Metapō: He maha ngā metapō Māori e hāngai ana ki te marae, ki te moana, ki te wao nui. Rapua ngā metapō Tiwana e pa ana ki te whenua, ki te tikanga "Wayang" (te whakaari tare), ki ngā whakapono tūpuna o Java hei whakarite i tētahi whakataurite pai.
- Arotakehia te Wetereo Hangawari: Kia maumahara ki te whakamahi i ngā kupumahi me ngā pūhono e tika ana i roto i te reo Tiwana. Kaua e whakawhiti kupu ki te kupu; me whakawhiti ke te aronga o te rerenga kōrero kia rere pai i roto i te hinengaro o te iwi Tiwana.
- Mārama ki ngā Rerekētanga o te Whakahua: Ki te mea he kaupapa ā-waha te mahi, pēnei i te oro, me tohutohu te kaiwhakahua ki ngā nako o ngā reo e rua, kia kore ai e he te reo e rangona ana.
Ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Tiwana he mahi whakaharahara e hiahia ana ki te matatau e kore e noho noa ki te reo, engari ki te wairua me te tikanga o ngā iwi e rua. Ma te whai i ēnei huarahi, ka taea te tiaki i te mana o te reo Māori i te wā e kōrero ana ki te hunga Tiwana.