Kumasulira pakati pa zinenero ziwiri zomwe sizikugwirizana mwa mtundu kapena mbiri, monga Chichewa ndi Chiesitoniya (Estonian), ndi ntchito yovuta komanso yosangalatsa kwambiri. Chichewa ndi chinenero cha m'banja la zinenero za Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, ndi Zimbabwe. Kumbali inayi, Chiesitoniya ndi chinenero cha m'banja la Finno-Ugric chomwe chimalankhulidwa makamaka ku Estonia kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka zinenerozi kumafuna kuti wotanthauzira akhale ndi chidziwitso chozama osati cha mawu okha, komanso cha galamala, kapangidwe ka ziganizo, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula zinenerozi.
Kusiyana kwa Galamala ndi Kapangidwe ka Zinenero
Kuti wotanthauzira athe kugwira bwino ntchito, chinthu choyamba chomwe ayenera kumvetsetsa ndi kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka galamala pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chiesitoniya. Nkhaniyi ndi yofunika kwambiri chifukwa kapangidwe kake kamasiyana kwambiri m'njira zotsatirazi:
- Magulu a Maina (Noun Classes) mu Chichewa: Chichewa chimadalira kwambiri dongosolo la magulu a maina (monga gulu la 'Mu-A', 'Chi-Zi', 'Li-Ma', ndi ena). Gulu lililonse limasintha maverebu, maulalo, ndi zizindikiro zina m'chiganizo. Izi zimapanga mgwirizano wamphamvu wamawu m'chiganizo (alliterative concord).
- Ma Kesi 14 mu Chiesitoniya: Chiesitoniya chilibe magulu a maina monga a Chichewa, koma chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa "cases" (ma kesi kapena masinthidwe a mapeto a maina) yokwanira 14. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mawu amodzi akhoza kusintha mapeto ake kutengera momwe akugwiritsidwira ntchito m'chiganizo, monga posonyeza komwe chinthu chikuchokera, komwe chikupita, kapena yemwe ali ndi chinthucho. Izi zimathetsa kufunika kwa mawu a mgwirizano (prepositions) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Chichewa monga "pa", "ku", "ndi", kapena "mwa".
- Kusowa kwa Jenda (Gender): Zinenero zonsezi zili ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana: sizigwiritsa ntchito jenda pofotokoza anthu. Mu Chichewa, timagwiritsa ntchito "iye" kapena "iwo" posonyeza ulemu popanda kusiyanitsa wamwamuna kapena wamkazi. Mu Chiesitoniya, amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "tema" kwa onse awiri (wamwamuna ndi wamkazi). Ngakhale zili choncho, kumasulira ziganizo zochokera ku zinenero zina zomwe zili ndi jenda (monga Chingerezi) kupita mu izi kumafuna kusamala kwambiri.
Mavuto Odziwika Pakutanthauzira Chichewa kupita ku Chiesitoniya
Otanthauzira ambiri amakumana ndi zovuta zingapo pakuyesera kusintha uthenga kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chiesitoniya kapena mosemphanitsa. Zovuta zazikulu zimagwera m'madera awa:
1. Kumasulira Ziganizo za Nthawi ndi Kachitidwe (Tense and Aspect)
Mu Chichewa, pali njira zambiri zosonyezera nthawi ndi momwe chinthu chikuchitikira (monga nthawi yapita, nthawi yomwe ino, nthawi yodzafika, komanso nthawi yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha). Nthawi zambiri timagwiritsa ntchito ma-infix (mawu olowetsedwa pakati pa verebu) monga -na-, -dza-, -ma-, ndi -liku-. Mu Chiesitoniya, kapangidwe ka nthawi ndikosiyana ndipo nthawi zambiri amadalira maverebu othandizira (auxiliary verbs) kapena masinthidwe a mapeto a verebu kuti owerenga amvetsetse nthawi yeniyeni yomwe chinthu chachitika.
2. Mawu Osonyeza Chikhalidwe ndi Miyambi
Mawu ambiri a Chichewa amakhala ndi matanthauzo ozama ozikidwa pa chikhalidwe cha chipembedzo, banja, kapena ulimi. Mwachitsanzo, mawu monga "chiphaliwali," "ganyu," kapena "ufiti" ali ndi matanthauzo omwe sangathe kumasulidwa ndi mawu amodzi mu Chiesitoniya popanda kutaya tanthauzo loyambirira. Choncho, wotanthauzira ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yofotokozera (descriptive translation) kapena kopeza mawu ofanana pachikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Estonia (cultural equivalence).
Njira Zothandiza kwa Omasulira ndi Olemba Makope
Kuti mukhale wotanthauzira wopambana ndipo athe kupanga zolemba zomwe zikumveka mwachilengedwe kwa olankhula Chiesitoniya, tsatirani njira izi:
1. Gwiritsani Ntchito Kumasulira Mwakulingalira (Transcreation)
Kumasulira mawu ndi mawu (literal translation) nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa zotsatira zolakwika komanso zosamveka. M'malo mwake, wotanthauzira ayenera kuganizira uthenga kapena lingaliro lalikulu lomwe lili m'Chichewa ndikuyesa kulilemba m'Chiesitoniya pogwiritsa ntchito galamala ndi mayendedwe a mawu omwe ali oyenerera ku Estonia. Izi zimathandiza kuti uthengawo ukhale ogwira mtima komanso wosavuta kumva.
2. Pangani ndikutsatira Mndandanda wa Mawu (Glossary)
Patsamba lililonse la kumasulira kapena polojekiti yolemba, ndikofunika kupanga mndandanda wa mawu ovuta kapena apadera. Izi zimathandiza kuti pakhale kusinthasintha komwe kuli koyenera (consistency) m'chikalata chonse. Popeza palibe madikishonare ambiri ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chiesitoniya, omasulira amagwiritsa ntchito Chingerezi monga chinenero chachiwiri (pivot language). Kupanga glossary yanu kumachepetsa zolakwika zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kumasulira kawiri.
3. Kumvetsetsa Owerenga Ananu (Target Audience)
Chikhalidwe cha ku Estonia chimakhala chosiyana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Malawi. Mwachitsanzo, njira zolembera makalata, malonda, kapena zolemba za sayansi zimafuna miyezo yosiyana ya ulemu ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu (register). Wotanthauzira woyenerera ayenera kudziwa ngati nkhaniyo ikufuna kamvekedwe kamwambo (formal) kapena kamasewera (informal), ndikugwiritsa ntchito galamala yoyenera m'Chiesitoniya.
4. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida za Tekinoloje (Translation Technology)
Pano m'zaka za m'ma 21, tekinoloje ngati makina omasulira (machine translation) ndi zida za CAT (Computer-Assisted Translation) zathandiza kwambiri omasulira. Komabe, kumasulira pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chiesitoniya pogwiritsa ntchito makina monga Google Translate kapena machitidwe a AI nthawi zambiri sikukhala kolondola chifukwa cha kusowa kwa deta yambiri (low-resource languages). Choncho, zida izi zizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira osati njira yokha yodalirika. Munthu wotanthauzira ayenera kukhala ndi diso lakuthwa kuti akonze zolakwika zomwe makina amapanga pa kapangidwe ka ziganizo.
Mapeto a Ntchito ndi Kupenda Ubwino wa Zomasulira
Chinthu chomaliza komanso chofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yomasulira ndicho kupenda kapena kukonza zolemba (proofreading and editing). Nthawi zonse, wotanthauzira wina yemwe chinenero chake cha mayi ndi Chiesitoniya (native speaker) ayenera kuwerenga ndikupereka maganizo ake pa zomwe zatanthauziridwa. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti mawu onse, zizindikiro, ndi mayendedwe a ziganizo zikumveka bwino, zikuyenda bwino, ndipo zilibe zolakwika zilizonse za galamala.