Intshayelelo yeelwimi zozibini: IsiXhosa nesiFrentshi
IsiXhosa lulwimi lwesiBantu oluthethwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika, ngakumbi kwiPhondo leMpuma Koloni kunye neNtshona Koloni. Luphawulwa ngekhonshonethi ze-click (unqanqo), inkqubo enzulu yeeklasi zezibizo, kunye nokwakhekaamagama ngokudityaniswa kwezihlanganisi (agglutination). Kwelinye icala, isiFrentshi lulwimi lwamaRomance oluthethwa eYurophu, eAfrika, nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Sinendlela yaso eyahlukileyo yesintaksi, isini segrama (ubudoda nobufazi), kunye neelwimi ezithathwe kwisiLatini. Inguqulelo esuka esiXhoseni isiya esiFrentshini ifuna ukuqonda okunzulu kungekuphela nje kwamagama, kodwa nemvelaphi yenkcubeko nemithetho yegrama eyohlukeneyo kwezi lwimi zombini.
Umahluko kwiGrama kunye neSintaksi
Enye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu xa kuguqulelwa ukusuka esiXhoseni ukuya esiFrentshini kukwahluka okukhulu kwiindlela zokwakhiwa kwezivesi. IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa inkqubo yee-prefix ukubonisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwezibizo kunye nezenzi. Umzekelo, izibizo zesiXhosa zohlulwe ngokweeklasi ezahlukeneyo (iiklasi zezibizo zesiBantu ziyi-15 okanye ngaphezulu), kwaye iklasi nganye inesivumelanisi sayo sesenzi. KwisiFrentshi, inkqubo yegrama ixhomekeke kakhulu kumagama ahlukeneyo (articles, prepositions, pronouns) kunye nokutshintshwa kweziphelo zezenzi (conjugation) ngokuxhomekeke kuxesha (tenses) kunye nomntu (person).
Xa kuguqulelwa isivesi esiXhoseni esithi: "Abantwana abancinci bafunda esikolweni," esiFrentshini siba: "Les jeunes enfants étudient à l'école." Apha, isivumelanisi sokuqala esiXhoseni ("aba-") sibonisa ubuninzi bomntu (Class 2), kodwa kwisiFrentshi sisebenzisa i-article ("les") kunye nesiphelo sesenzi somntu wesithathu wesininzi ("-ent"). Umguquleli kufuneka aqaphele indlela isini segrama esisebenza ngayo kwisiFrentshi. EsiXhoseni akukho kwahlulwa kwezibizo ngokwesini se-biological (ubudoda okanye ubufazi) kwiiklasi, kodwa kwisiFrentshi zonke izibizo zezobudoda (masculin) okanye zezobufazi (féminin). Oku kuthetha ukuba izichazi (adjectives) neziqhanganisi kufuneka zihambelane nesini sezibizo kwisiFrentshi.
Imingeni yeNkcubeko kunye neTranscreation
Ulwimi yindlela yokubonisa inkcubeko, ngoko ke inguqulelo engenaziphene ayikho malunga nokuguqula amagama kuphela, kodwa kukwabelana ngentsingiselo nendlela yokuphila. Inkcubeko yamaXhosa inamagama afana nelithi "ubuntu", "ukuthwasa", okanye "intonjane" angenazinto zilingana nawo ngqo kwinkcubeko yesiFrentshi. EsiXhoseni, "ubuntu" bububanzi befilosofi yentlalontle ethi "umntu ngumntu ngabantu." Ukuguqulela eli gama esiFrentshini kufuna uhlobo oluthile lokucacisa okanye ukusebenzisa indlela ye-transcreation (ukunika intsingiselo yenkcubeko endaweni yegama elinye). Ungasebenzisa ibinzana elithi "humanité envers les autres" okanye unike inkcazo engephi kwi-footnote ukuba umxholo ufuna njalo.
Kwangendlela efanayo, amagama esiFrentshi abonisa ubomi, ukutya, kunye nendlela yokuziphatha yaseYurophu kufuneka guqulelwe ngononophelo ukuya esiXhoseni ukuze abafundi besiXhosa bakwazi ukuqonda. Umzekelo, ukuguqulela amagama afana nelithi "croissant" okanye "baguette" esiXhoseni akufuneki kwenziwe ngokuselula ngaphandle kokuba umxholo uyakuvumela oko, njengoko la makhekhe engengoncwadi eqhelekileyo yemveli yamaXhosa, nangona exaphakile namhlanje kwiindawo ezininzi. Uhlenga-hlengiso lwemibhalo yoncwadi okanye yokuthengisa lufuna ukuba umguquleli abe nolwazi olubanzi ngesakhiwo sentlalontle sendawo ekujoliswe kuyo.
Iingcebiso zeeNgcali zokuGuqulela esiXhoseni ukuya esiFrentshini
Ukuze ukwazi ukuvelisa umsebenzi osemgangathweni ophezulu, nazi iingcebiso ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzilandele:
- Ukuqonda iiklasi zezibizo nesiFrentshi: Soloko uqinisekisa ukuba uhambelana neeklasi zezibizo zesiXhosa kunye nezivumelanisi zazo ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuguqulela kwisiFrentshi esinesini segrama esingqongqo.
- Ukusebenzisa izichazi-magama ezikhethekileyo: Sebenzisa izichazi-magama zesiXhosa nesiNgesi ezineenkcukacha ezaneleyo, uze uqhathanise nesiFrentshi, kuba izichazi-magama ezingqalileyo zesiXhosa nesiFrentshi zinqabile. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngamanye amaxesha inguqulelo kufuneka idlule kwisiNgesi njengolwimi olusebenza njengebhulorho.
- Gcina uhlobo lomhlathi nendlela yentetho: EsiXhoseni, intetho enembeko nembizo yenziwa ngokusebenzisa isimilo kunye neeklasi zezibizo ezithile. KwisiFrentshi, le mbeko iboniswa ngokusetyenziswa kwesimelabizo esithi "vous" endaweni yesithi "tu". Umguquleli kufuneka abe nekhono lokubona olu tshintsho lwesimbo.
- Uphononongo nokuHlelwa koMsebenzi: Emva kokuguqulela, soloko uqinisekisa ukuba umbhalo ufundwa ngumntu othetha isiFrentshi njengolwimi lakhe lwenkobe okanye umntu othetha isiXhosa ngokunjalo ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ziphene zentlalo okanye zegrama.
Izixhobo zeDijithali kunye neTeknoloji kwiNguqulelo
Kweli xesha lanamhlanje, iiteknoloji zenguqulelo zidlala indima enkulu. Nangona izixhobo zoguqulelo zomatshini (machine translation) ezifana neGoogle Translate zikwazi ukunceda ekuguquleleni amagama alula, zihlala zisilela xa kufuneka kuguqulelwe izivesi eziyinkimbinkimi zesiXhosa isiya esiFrentshini. Oku kubangelwa kukuba isiXhosa lulwimi olungenazixhobo zedatha ezaneleyo kwi-intanethi (under-resourced language) xa sithelekiswa nesiFrentshi.
Abaguquleli beengcali basebenzisa izixhobo ezaziwa ngokuba zii-CAT Tools (Computer-Assisted Translation) ezifana neTrados okanye iMemsource. Ezi zixhobo zinceda ekugcineni isigama esifanayo kuyo yonke imibhalo (glossaries kunye ne-translation memories). Kubalulekile ukuba abaguquleli bakhe isichazi-magama sasekhaya (localized glossary) esiqulethe amagama emveli kunye neendlela zoguqulelo ezamkelweyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho ongagungqiyo weprojekthi nganye.
Ukuqukumbela kwebhlog kunye neKamva leNguqulelo yesiXhosa nesiFrentshi
Inguqulelo esuka esiXhoseni isiya esiFrentshini lithuba elihle kakhulu lokwakha ubudlelwane phakathi koluntu oluthetha isiXhosa apha eMzantsi Afrika kunye nehlabathi elithetha isiFrentshi (Francophonie). Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo, ukuqonda imingeni yegrama, kunye nokugcina ubutyebi benkcubeko yolwimi ngalunye, abaguquleli banokukwazi ukudala imibhalo ecacileyo, echanekileyo, kwaye enomtsalane. Njengoko uMzantsi Afrika uqhubeka usondelana namazwe angaphandle kwezoshishino, ezozakuzo kunye nezenkcubeko, imfuneko yenguqulelo esemgangathweni iya kuqhubeka ikhula, ivula amathuba amatsha kwiilwimi zethu zemveli kwisizathu sehlabathi jikelele.