Ko te whakawhiti reo he huarahi e hono ai te ao o tētahi iwi ki tētahi atu. I tēnei rā, e anga atu ana tātou ki te rangahau i ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te whakawhiti kōrero mai i te reo Māori—te reo taketake o Aotearoa—ki te reo Horowhaka (Slovak), te reo o tētahi iwi i te ngākau o Ūropi. He wero nui tēnei na te mea he rerekē rawa te whakapapa o tēnā, o tēnā o ēnei reo. He reo Aotearoniana (Austronesian) te reo Māori, i ahu mai i te moana nui o Kiwa, ā, he reo Wawata-Ūropi (Indo-European), he reo Halariki (Slavic) te reo Horowhaka. Mā tēnei tuhinga e whakatakoto ngā tohutohu, ngā wero taketake, me ngā mahere matua hei arataki i te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki te whakatutuki i tētahi mahi kounga tiketike.
Ngā Whakahuringa Waehere me te Wetereo: VSO ki te SVO
Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui rawa atu mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo ko te rerekētanga o te hanganga o te rerenga kōrero. Ko te reo Māori he reo e whai ana i te raupapa Kupu Mahi - Tumu Kōrero - Kupu Tāpiri (Verb-Subject-Object, VSO). Hei tauira, ki te kī tātou, "Kua kai te tamaiti i te aporo," ko te kupu mahi "kai" te tuatahi, aru ai ko te "tamaiti" (tumu kōrero), ka mutu ki te "aporo" (kupu tāpiri). Heoi, i te reo Horowhaka, ko te raupapa tikanga he Tumu Kōrero - Kupu Mahi - Kupu Tāpiri (Subject-Verb-Object, SVO), penei i te: "Dieťa zjedlo jablko."
Hāunga te raupapa SVO taketake, he reo hurihuri rawa te reo Horowhaka (flexion-heavy language). E whitu ngā tūmomo tūnga kupu (cases, skloňovanie) hei whakaatu i te mahi a te kupu ingoa i roto i te rerenga kōrero. No reira, ahakoa te āhua ngohengohe o te raupapa kupu i roto i te reo Horowhaka, e herea ana te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki te whiriwhiri i te pito mutunga tika o te kupu (grammatical endings) e rite ana ki te tikanga o ngā kupu hono (particles) i te reo Māori pēnei i te "i", "ki", "hei", me te "me".
Te Tikanga o ngā Kaiwhakakapi me te Ira Tangata
I roto i te reo Māori, kāore he ira tangata (gender) i roto i ngā kupu ingoa, i ngā kaiwhakakapi rānei. Ko te kupu "ia" ka taea te whakamahi mō te tāne, mō te wāhine rānei. Heoi, i te reo Horowhaka, he tino whakahirahira te ira tangata. Kua wehea ngā kupu ingoa katoa ki ngā ira matua e toru: te ira tāne (mužský rod), te ira wāhine (ženský rod), me te ira noa (stredný rod). I te wā e whakawhiti ana i te kupu "ia", me mātua mōhio te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki te horopaki kia tika ai te whiriwhiri i waenga i te "on" (ia tāne), "ona" (ia wāhine), me te "ono" (ia noa).
Kare hoki te reo Horowhaka i te whai i ngā tūmomo kupu pēnei i te "tāua", "māua", "tātou", me te "mātou" e tohu ana i te whakaurunga, i te aukatinga rānei o te tangata e kōrero ana (inclusive/exclusive pronouns). I te reo Horowhaka, he kotahi tonu te kupu mō te "mātou" me te "tātou", ara ko te "my" (i te reo rangatira ko te "my" e tohu ana i te katoa). Ma te kaiwhakawhiti reo e whakanui te horopaki ki te whakamaarama i enei tu ahua taapiri kia kore ai e ngaro te tikanga hohonu o te whanaungatanga i roto i te reo taketake.
Ngā Kupu Tapu me ngā Taonga Tuku Iho
Kua kikī te reo Māori i ngā kupu tino hohonu e pā ana ki te ao wairua me te tikanga o te iwi. Ko ngā kupu pēnei i te mana, tapu, mauri, me te kaitiakitanga kāore he kupu kotahi i te reo Horowhaka e rite ana. Mena ka whakamaoritia te kupu "mana" ki te kupu Horowhaka "autorita" (authority) rānei, "prestíž" (prestige) rānei, ka ngaro te wairua taketake o taua kupu taonga.
Hei whakatika i tēnei wero, me whai te kaiwhakawhiti reo i ēnei huarahi matua:
- Te pupuri i te kupu Māori: Te tohu i te kupu taketake ki te taha o tētahi whakamāramatanga poto i roto i te reo Horowhaka, pēnei i te whakarāpopototanga i roto i ngā taiapa.
- Te whiriwhiri horopaki: Te whakamahi i ngā kupu pēnei i te "duchovná sila" (spiritual power) mō te mana wairua, "rešpekt" (respect) rānei mō te mana tangata.
- Kupu whakamārama (Footnotes): Mēnā he tuhinga matua, ka taea te tāpiri i tētahi kuputaka (glossary) hei whakamārama i te tikanga o aua kupu taonga ki te hunga pāpāho Horowhaka.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Wā me te Kupu Mahi
He rerekētanga nui kei te whakatakotoranga o te wā (tense) me te āhua (aspect) i waenga i ēnei reo e rua. Ko te reo Māori e whakamahi ana i ngā kupu pūriki wā (TAM particles) pēnei i te "ka", "kua", "kei te", "e... ana" hei tohu i te wā o te kupu mahi. Kāore te kupu mahi e huri i tōna āhua pūtaiao (stem change). Heoi, i roto i te reo Horowhaka, he rerekē rawa te hangarau o te kupu mahi. E ai ki te pūnaha Slavic, e huri ana te kupu mahi mō te wā (present, past, future), te tangata (first, second, third person), te maha (singular, plural), me te āhua mahi (perfective/imperfective - dokonavý/nedokonavý vid).
Nā reira, mō te kaiwhakawhiti, me ata tātari mehemea kei te haere tonu te mahi (imperfective aspect) mehemea rānei kua oti rawatia (perfective aspect) kia taea ai te whiriwhiri i te kupu mahi tika i te reo Horowhaka. Ki te kore tēnei e āta whakaarohia, ka hē te rere o te kōrero, ā, ka whakahaweatia te hōhonutanga o te hītori o te kōrero Māori.
Ngā Tohutohu Matua mō te Kaiwhakawhiti Reo
Mō te hunga e hiahia ana ki te whakatutuki i tētahi whakawhitinga reo e whai mana ana mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Horowhaka, whakamahia ēnei tikanga matua:
- Whakawhanakehia te mōhiotanga ahurea: Kāore e ranea te mōhio ki ngā kupu noa. Me mārama te kaiwhakawhiti ki te ao Māori me te ao Horowhaka, tae atu ki ngā hītori, ngā tikanga o te iwi, me ngā pūrākau.
- Tātaritia te rere o te kōrero: Kia mahara he reo pohewa te reo Māori, e whakamahi ana i te whakataukī me te whakataki. Me rapu he huarahi i te reo Horowhaka e whakaatu ana i taua reo pohewa, ahakoa te maro o te wetereo Slavic.
- Arotakehia te paanga o te ira tangata me te whakaute: I te reo Horowhaka, e toru ngā pae whakaute i te wā e kōrero ana ki te tangata (tykanie vs. vykanie). Whakaritea tēnei ki te tūnga o te tuakana me te teina i roto i te ao Māori kia mau tonu ai te whakaute tika.
Ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Horowhaka he mahi rangatira e hiahia ana i te kaha motuhake, te aroha ki te reo, me te aro hāneanea ki te wetereo uaua o te hunga Slavic. Mā te aru i ēnei tohutohu, ka taea e tātou te hanga i tētahi piriti reo e mārama ai tētahi ao ki tētahi, me te kore e ngaro te mana o ngā kupu tapu a tēnā, a tēnā o ngā iwi.