Ubuhinduzi buva mu rurimi rumwe ujya mu rundi ni inzira isaba ubushishozi buhambaye, ariko biba akarusho iyo uhindura hagati y'indimi zifite inkomoko n'imiterere bitandukanye cyane nka Kinyarwanda (ururimi rw'Ikibantu) n'Igiamahari (ururimi rw'Igisemitiki rukoreshwa muri Etiyopiya). Kuri ubu, ubufatanye mu bukungu, umuryango, n'umuco hagati y'akarere k'Ibiyaga Bigari n'ihembe rya Afurika burakomeza kwiyongera, bityo n'ubuhinduzi bukaba inkingi ikomeye. Muri iyi nyandiko, turagaruka ku miterere y'izi ndimi zombi, ibibazo bikunze kugaragara mu buhinduzi, ndetse n'inama z'inzobere zagufasha kubona umusaruro mwiza kandi unyze mu mucyo.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Interuro (SVO vs SOV)
Kimwe mu bintu by'ibanze umuhinduzi agomba kwitondera ni imiterere y'interuro mu ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha imiterere ya SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), aho inteko y'interuro itangira n'urwego rw'icyavuzwe (Subject), hagakurikiraho inshinga (Verb), hanyuma hagasoza icyakorewe (Object). Urugero: "Yohana yariye umutsima."
Ku rundi ruhande, Igiamahari gikoresha imiterere ya SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Ibi bivuze ko inshinga buri gihe ijya ku musozo w'interuro. Niba uhindura interuro ivuye mu Kinyarwanda, ugomba guhindura gahunda y'amagambo rwose kugira ngo interuro yo mu Giamahari yorohere umusomyi kandi yumvikane neza. Gusiga inshinga hagati mu nteruro y'Igiamahari ni ikosa rikomeye rituma umwandiko utumvikana habe na mba. Umuhinduzi agomba kubanza gusoma interuro yose y'Ikinyarwanda, akayisobanukirwa, hanyuma akayisenya akayubaka mu buryo bw'Igiamahari inshinga iri inyuma.
Ubuhanga mu Guhindura Inshinga n'Imigereka Yazo
Ikinyarwanda n'Igiamahari byombi bifite uburyo bukomeye kandi bugoye bwo guhuza inshinga (morphology), ariko ubwo buryo buratandukanye cyane:
- Ikinyarwanda: Nka rurimi rw'Ikibantu rufite ibice by'inshinga biteranira hamwe (agglutinative language), gikoresha uduce tw'amagambo (prefixes n'suffixes) dushyirwa ku nshinga kugira ngo hagaragazwe inteko y'izina, igihe (tense), n'icyerekezo (aspect). Inshinga imwe y'Ikinyarwanda irashobora kubamo amakuru ahwanye n'interuro yose mu zindi ndimi.
- Igiamahari: Ni ururimi rukoresha uburyo bw'imizi y'inshinga igizwe n'ingombajwi (consonantal roots) n'inyajwi zishyirwamo hagati (templates). Ubu buryo buhindura imiterere y'inshinga bwerekana igihe, uburyo (mood), ndetse n'igitsina cyangwa umubare w'ukora cyangwa ukorerwa.
Umuhinduzi asabwa kwitonda cyane kuko ibihe by'Ikinyarwanda (nka ntamara, hembwe, n'ibindi) bishobora kutagira ibisobanuro bihuye neza mu Giamahari. Igiamahari cyo cyibanda cyane ku buryo igikorwa cyarangiye (perfective) cyangwa kigikomeza (imperfective). Guhindura ibi bihe bisaba kumva icyo umwandiko w'inkomoko ugamije kuvuga aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi.
Imikoreshereze y'Inyuguti n'Imyandikire y'Igiamahari (Ge'ez Script)
Mu gihe Ikinyarwanda gikoresha inyuguti z'ikilatini (Latin alphabet) zimenyerewe mu ndimi nka Cyongereza n'Igifaransa, Igiamahari cyo gikoresha inyuguti zacyo zihariye zizwi nka Ge'ez cyangwa Fidel (ፊደል). Ubu buryo bw'imyandikire bugizwe n'inyuguti zihagarariye amajwi (abugida), aho buri nyuguti iba ifite ingombajwi n'inyajwi biyigize.
Ibi bitanga imbogamizi zikurikira mu buhinduzi:
- Ikwirakwizwa ry'inyuguti (Transliteration): Amazina y'abantu, ay'imijyi, cyangwa amagambo y'amahanga adafite ibisobanuro mu Giamahari agomba kwandikwa hakoreshejwe amajwi ahegeranye n'ay'Ikinyarwanda. Urugero, izina nka "Kigali" rigomba kwandikwa mu buryo bwumvikana neza mu mategeko y'amajwi y'Igiamahari (ኪጋሊ).
- Uburyo bwo gufata amakuru (Formatting): Inyandiko z'Igiamahari zikoresha utumenyetso twihariye tw'akabago (nka "፡" n'ibitandukanya interuro "።"). Umuhinduzi agomba kuba azi neza aho utu tumenyetso dukoreshwa kugira ngo umwandiko ube uw'umwuga kandi wemewe mu nzego zose.
Kwitondera Umuco n'Imvugo z'Icyerekezo (Cultural Transcreation)
Ubuhinduzi bwiza ntibugarukira ku guhindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo buhindura n'umuco. Ikinyarwanda gifite imvugo n'imigani bifite inkomoko ku bucuruzi bw'inka, ubuhinzi, n'amateka y'u Rwanda. Muri Etiyopiya, Igiamahari nacyo gifite imvugo zishingiye ku mateka ya Gikirisitu n'Igisilamu, umuco w'ikawa (buna), n'ubuzima bwo mu misozi miremire.
Urugero, niba uhuye n'ijambo "Amata" cyangwa imvugo nka "Gukama inka" mu Kinyarwanda bikoreshejwe mu buryo bw'ikigereranyo cy'ubukire cyangwa amahoro, ntushobora kubihindura mu Giamahari ijambo ku rindi kuko bishobora gutakaza umwimerere wabyo. Aho uzashaka imvugo ihwanye na yo muri Etiyopiya yerekana umugisha cyangwa amahoro hakoreshejwe amagambo arimo akamaro k'ikawa cyangwa ibindi biribwa byubashywe muri uwo muco. Ibi bikorwa binyuze mu buhinduzi bushingiye ku muco (transcreation) aho kwihambira ku kigereranyo cy'inkomoko.
Inama Z'ingenzi Zafasha Umuhinduzi w'Umwuga
Kugira ngo ubuhe umusaruro uhoraho kandi w'indashyikirwa, dore inama eshatu z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- 1. Koresha Ururimi rw'Ikiraro mu Gushakashaka: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo nyinshi zikomeye z'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiamahari zihari, umuhinduzi agomba kumenya gukoresha ururimi rwa gatatu (nka Cyongereza) nk'ikiraro. Kwifashisha ibikoresho nka CAT Tools na Translation Memories bigufasha guhozaho ku magambo y'ikoranabuhanga n'ay'amategeko.
- 2. Kora Isuzuma Rya Kabiri n'Abavuga Ururimi Nyiri Zina: Umwandiko umaze guhindurwa mu Giamahari ugomba gusomwa n'umuntu uvuga Igiamahari nka rurimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) kandi ufite ubumenyi mu buhinduzi. Ibi bishingira ku kuba Igiamahari gifite urwunge rw'amajwi rushobora guhindura igisobanuro cy'ijambo mu buryo bworoshye cyane mu myandikire niba hagaragayemo utubazo duto.
- 3. Gusobanukirwa n'Umutwe w'Umwandiko: Umwandiko w'amategeko utandukanye n'umwandiko w'ubuvanganzo cyangwa uwo kwamamaza. Buri wose ugomba guhindurwa hashingiwe ku cyiciro cy'abazasoma n'intego y'umwandiko kugira ngo ubutumwa bugere ku ntego yabwo mu buryo bunoze kandi butagira igihombo na gito.