Guhindura inyandiko ku buryo bw'umwuga kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujya mu Gaturuki (Turkish) ni umurimo usaba ubumenyi bwihariye mu bijyanye n'imiterere y'indimi zombi, imico yazo, ndetse n'amateka akubiye mu magambo. Ikinyarwanda, nka rumwe mu ndimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) zikoreshwa muri Afurika yo Kati n'iy'Iburasirazuba, gifite amategeko n'imiterere yacyo byihariye. Ku rundi ruhande, Igaturuki cyo mu muryango w'indimi z'Igiturukiya (Turkic languages) gifite imyubakire y'interuro n'imikoreshereze y'uduce tw'amagambo itandukanye cyane n'iy'Ikinyarwanda. Muri iyi nyandiko, abahinduzi bakeneye gusobanukirwa mu buryo bwimbitse inzego z'izi ndimi zombi kugira ngo bagere ku buhinduzi bw'akataraboneka kandi bwumvikana neza.
Ugutandukana mu Myubakire y'Interuro: SVO n'SOV
Kimwe mu bintu bya mbere bigora abahinduzi ni ukureba uko inshinga, umukorwa, n'ugira icyo akora bishyirwa mu nteruro. Mu Kinyarwanda, imyubakire isanzwe n'iy'indimi zikoresha gahunda ya SVO (Subject - Verb - Object). Kuri uyu murongo, ubanza kwerekana ugira icyo akora, hagakurikira inshinga, hanyuma umukorwa akaza nyuma. Urugero: "Yohana yariye umugati" (Yohana = Subject, yariye = Verb, umugati = Object).
Mu Gaturuki, ibintu bihinduka rwose kuko uru rurimi rukurikiza gahunda ya SOV (Subject - Object - Verb). Bivuze ko inshinga ihora iza ku ndunduro y'interuro. Niba dushaka guhindura urwo rugero rwo hejuru mu Gaturuki, interuro izubakwa gutya: "Yohana ekmeği yedi" (Yohana = Subject, ekmeği = Object, yedi = Verb). Niba umuhinduzi adafashe umwanya ngo asuzume iyi myubakire, ashobora kwandika interuro zumvikana nabi cyangwa zifite amakosa akomeye y'ikibonezamvugo. Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi atekereza mu buryo bw'Igaturuki mbere yo kwandika, aho gutekereza mu Kinyarwanda ngo ahite ahindura ijambo ku rindi.
Uburyo bw'Utwazi n'Uduce tw'Amagambo (Agglutination)
Ikinyarwanda n'Igaturuki byose ni indimi zikoresha uburyo bwo guhuza uduce tw'amagambo (agglutanative languages), ariko zibikora mu buryo butandukanye rwose. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha cyane uduce tw'amagambo dushyirwa mbere y'umuzizi (prefixes) dushyirwa ku nshinga cyangwa ku mazina. Urugero, inshinga "tuzakubwira" igizwe n'uduce nka "tu-" (twebwe), "-za-" (igihe kizaza), "-ku-" (kuri wowe), na "-bwira" (inshinga-nyina). Ibi byerekana ko ijambo rimwe mu Kinyarwanda rishobora kuba rihagarariye interuro yose.
Ku rundi ruhande, Igaturuki gikoresha uduce tw'amagambo dushyirwa ku ndunduro (suffixes). Mu Gaturuki, amagambo yubakwa binyuze mu kongera uduce ku muzizi w'ijambo, kandi ibi bikorwa hakurikijwe amategeko y'isano ry'amajwi (vowel harmony). Urugero, inshinga "söyleyeceğiz" (tuzabwira) igizwe n'umuzizi "söyle-" (kubwira), "-yece-" (igihe kizaza), na "-iz" (twebwe). Guhindura ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi asobanukirwa neza uburyo amajwi ahura mu Gaturuki kugira ngo ahitemo agace k'ijambo gakwiriye kuza ku ndunduro y'ijambo nta kosa rishobora kubaho.
Ibyiciro by'Amazina n'Utwazi tw'Ibyerekezo (Noun Classes vs. Cases)
Ikinyarwanda kirangwa n'ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes) birenga cumi na bitandatu (16), aho buri zina rishyirwa mu kiciro runaka hashingiwe ku mukondo w'izina (noun prefixes nka umu-, aba-, iki-, ibi-). Ibi bituma inshinga, ibihereranye n'izina (adjectives), ndetse n'ibinyazina (pronouns) bihuzwa n'icyo kiciro mu buryo bw'amajwi n'inyandiko (agreement). Igaturuki cyo nta byiciro by'amazina gifite kandi nta n'ubwo kigira ibyiciro by'igitsina (no grammatical gender). Ibi bivuze ko amagambo nka "he", "she", cyangwa "it" mu Gaturuki yose ahagararirwa n'ijambo rimwe gusa: "O".
Hanyuma kandi, aho Ikinyarwanda gikoresha preposition nka "muri", "kuri", "kuva", n'izindi, Igaturuki gikoresha uburyo bw'inshinga z'inyongera zizwi nka "noun cases" (ibice by'inyongera byerekana icyerekezo cyangwa isano). Igaturuki gifite ibyiciro bitandatu by'ibi bihe: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, na ablative. Urugero:
- Mu rugo: Evde (inyongera "-de" yerekana aho ikintu kiri - locative)
- Mu rugo (icyerekezo): Eve (inyongera "-e" yerekana icyerekezo - dative)
- Kuva mu rugo: Evden (inyongera "-den" yerekana aho uturutse - ablative)
Abahinduzi bagomba kwitonda cyane kuko imikoreshereze y'ibi bihe mu Gaturuki ihuzwa mu buryo butaziguye n'inshinga ikoreshwa. Hari inshinga zimwe na zimwe mu Gaturuki zisaba ko izina rishyirwa mu gice runaka kabone niyo mu Kinyarwanda byaba bimeze ukundi.
Ibibazo by'Imico n'Imvugo z'Amagambo (Cultural Transcreation)
Uretse ikibonezamvugo, guhindura inyandiko ku buryo bw'umwuga bijyana no kwimura umuco. Umuco w'Abanyarwanda n'uw'Abaturuki itandukanye cyane mu bijyanye n'icyubahiro, imyizerere, n'uburyo bwo kwakira abashyitsi. Mu Gaturuki, hari amagambo menshi n'imvugo z'ikinyabupfura n'icyubahiro zikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi, nk'ijambo "Efendim" (Nyakubahwa/Mubyeyi) cyangwa "Kolay gelsin" (ngo akazi korohe). Izi mvugo ntizigira ibisobanuro biita ku magambo mu Kinyarwanda, ariko zifite agaciro gakomeye.
Mu guhindura amagambo nk'aya, umuhinduzi ntagomba guhindura amagambo nk'uko yakabaye (literal translation), ahubwo agomba gushaka imvugo ihwanye nayo mu Kinyarwanda yerekana icyubahiro cyangwa ubupfura nk'uko byakagombye. Urugero, "Kolay gelsin" ishobora guhindurwa nka "Murakoze ku mirimo" cyangwa "Akazi korohe" bitewe n'aho ivugirwa. Kwimurira ubu bwoko bw'imico mu mwandiko bituma umusomyi w'umwandiko uhinduye yumva ko inyandiko yanditswe n'umuntu uvuga ururimi rwe kavukire.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda n'Igaturuki
Kugira ngo ubuhinduzi bwawe bube ubw'indashyikirwa kandi bugere ku ntego yabwo, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- Gucengera mu masano y'inshinga n'amazina (Verb-Case Agreement): Buri gihe jya usuzuma niba inshinga y'Igaturuki uhisemo isaba dative, accusative, cyangwa indi case, hanyuma uhindure izina ryayo neza.
- Kwirinda guhindura ijambo ku rindi (Literal Translation Avoidance): Ibuka ko imyubakire y'interuro y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igaturuki itandukanye cyane. Banza usome interuro yose, uyisobanukirwe, hanyuma uyandike mu myubakire y'ururimi uri guhinduriramo.
- Kwiga ku biranga umuco n'idini: Igaturuki gifite amagambo menshi akomoka ku muco w'Abasilamu ndetse n'amateka y'Ubwami bw'Abaturuki b'aba-Ottoman (Ottoman Empire). Ku rundi ruhande, Ikinyarwanda kirimo amagambo ashingiye ku muco w'abakurambere n'imyizerere ya Gikristu. Witondere uburyo uhindura aya magambo kugira ngo udakomeretsa abasomyi cyangwa ngo utange ubutumwa budahwitse.
- Gukoresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe: Nta nkoranyamagambo nyinshi z'akataraboneka ziriho zihuza Ikinyarwanda n'Igaturuki mu buryo butaziguye. Umuhinduzi aragirwa inama yo gukoresha indimi z'abahuza nka Cyongereza cyangwa Igifaransa nka "bridge languages", ariko akabikora anyujije ku jisho ryo kugenzura niba ubutumwa bw'umwimerere butatarutse.
- Gusubiramo umwandiko inshuro nyinshi (Proofreading): Umaze guhindura inyandiko, yisome nk'aho ari umwandiko w'umwimerere wanditswe mu rurimi uhinduriramo. Ibi bizagufasha kubona aho interuro zitateye neza cyangwa aho amagambo adahura neza.
Muri rusange, guhindura Ikinyarwanda mu Gaturuki bisaba ubwitonzi, kwihangana, ndetse n'ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi. Binyuze mu gukurikiza izi nama n'uburyo bwasobanuwe haruguru, abahinduzi bashobora kubaka ibiraro bikomeye bihuza Abanyarwanda n'Abaturuki mu nzego z'ubucuruzi, uburezi, n'umuco.