Guhindura inyandiko n'imvugo kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Kimongoli (Mongolian) ni umushinga w'indimi udasanzwe uhuza imiryango ibiri ifite amateka n'imico bikungahaye ariko bitandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda, ururimi rw'Ikibantu ruvugwa muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, n'Ikimongoli, ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi za Mongolic ruvugwa muri Aziya yo Hagati n'Abarasirazuba, bifite imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo isaba ubushishozi buhanitse n'ubumenyi bw'indimi bwimbitse. Ubu buyobozi bwagenewe abasemuzi n'abahanga mu ndimi bashaka kurenga inkomyi z'imiterere y'indimi zombi kugira ngo bageze ku basomyi ubutumwa bunoze, bwumvikana kandi buhuje n'umuco.
1. Imiterere y'Interuro n'Ubutonde bw'Amagambo (Word Order)
Imwe mu nkomyi zikomeye mu guhindura Ikinyarwanda ugana mu Kimongoli ni ukunyuranya kw'uburyo interuro zubatse. Ikinyarwanda gikurikiza uburyo bwa SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), ni kugaragara nka Nyamuvuga-Nshinga-Gikorwa, aho inshinga n'inteko yayo biza mbere y'icyo inshinga yakoreye cyangwa uwo yabwiwe. Imiterere y'interuro mu Kinyarwanda iteye rutya:
- Urugero: "Umwungeri ararinda inka." (Nyamuvuga: Umwungeri; Nshinga: ararinda; Gikorwa: inka).
Ku rundi ruhande, Ikimongoli gikurikiza uburyo bwa SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Ibi bivuze ko inshinga ihora iza ku ndunduro y'interuro, nyuma y'icyo yakoreye n'ukora. Mu guhindura inyandiko, umusemuzi agomba gusenya burundu interuro y'Ikinyarwanda akayubaka mu buryo bw'Ikimongoli:
- Uburyo bikorwa mu Kimongoli: "Umwungeri inka ararinda." (Subject - Object - Verb).
Ibi bisaba ko umusemuzi agumana amakuru yose mu mutwe mbere yo kwandika inshinga mu Kimongoli, cyane cyane mu nteruro ndende zifite ibika byinshi cyangwa ibiganiro bishimika ku bikorwa bitandukanye. Kugira ngo interuro yumvikane neza, umusemuzi agomba kumenya aho ashyira inyajwi n'indangagaciro zose z'interuro nta gukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation).
2. Guhuza Umuco n'Isano y'Ubworozi: Inka n'Amafarashi
Habaho imbogamizi zikomeye zishingiye ku muco n'imibereho y'abantu iyo uhindura Ikinyarwanda mu Kimongoli. Imiryango yombi ifite amateka ashingiye ku bworozi, ariko inyamaswa n'uburyo zifatwa biratandukanye cyane. Mu Rwanda, inka ni ikimenyetso cy'ishema, ubukungu, n'amahoro, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu migani, imivugo, n'imvugo z'ikinyabupfura nko kugaba inka, gukwa, n'izindi mvugo z'icyubahiro.
Muri Mongoliya, ifarashi (morin) n'amatungo atanu ya gakondo (inka, intama, ihene, ingamira, n'ifarashi) bifite agaciro gakomeye cyane, ariko ifarashi ni yo ifite umwanya w'imbere mu muco w'abanyamahando (nomadic culture). Iyo uhindura ibyivugo cyangwa imigani ivuga ku nka mu Kinyarwanda, guhita ubihindura nk'inyamaswa isanzwe mu Kimongoli bishobora gutakaza icyo bishatse kuvuga (contextual meaning). Umusemuzi agomba gukoresha uburyo bwa transcreation (gukora indi nyandiko ihuza n'umuco) kugira ngo ahe inyandiko y'Ikimongoli agaciro n'uburemere bihuye n'ibyo mu Kinyarwanda, wenda akoresheje imvugo zerekeranye n'amafarashi cyangwa ibindi bikoresho by'ubworozi bw'i Mongoliya aho bikwiye.
3. Ikibonezamvugo cy'Amazina: Inteko z'Amazina vs. Uduce tw'Ikibonezamvugo (Grammatical Cases)
Ikinyarwanda gikoresha inteko z'amazina (noun classes) zisaga 16, aho buri zina rishyirwa mu nteko yaryo bitewe n'utwazi (prefixes) twinjira mu nshinga, ibinyazina, n'ibishingiye ku nshinga kugira ngo habeho ubwumvikane bw'interuro (concordial agreement). Ibi bitandukanye cyane n'Ikimongoli gikoresha uburyo bw'imigereka y'inyuma yerekana uruhare rw'izina mu nteruro.
Ikimongoli nacyo ni ururimi rw'imigereka (agglutinative language), ariko cyo gikoresha imikoreshereze y'amazina mu nteruro (cases / grammatical cases) agera ku munani (Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, Instrumental, Comitative, n'Directional). Aho Ikinyarwanda gikoresha inyerezi n'amatage, Ikimongoli gikoresha imigereka y'inyuma (suffixes) yomekwa ku mazina kugira ngo yerekane uruhare rwaryo mu nteruro. Umusemuzi agomba kumenya neza guhuza uruhare rw'izina mu Kinyarwanda n'akagera k'izina gakwiye mu Kimongoli. Ibi bisaba gusesengura neza niba izina ari nyamuvuga, integuza, cyangwa niba ryerekana igikoresho cyangwa aho ikintu cyerekeza.
4. Ubwumvikane bw'Inyajwi n'Amajwi (Vowel Harmony)
Ikimongoli gifite ihame ryihariye kandi rikomeye ry'ubwumvikane bw'inyajwi (vowel harmony). Amajwi y'inyajwi mu Kimongoli agabanijwemo ibice bitatu: inyajwi z'inyuma (masculine/hard vowels nka A, O, U), inyajwi z'imbere (feminine/soft vowels nka E, Ö, Ü), n'inyajwi zinyuranye (neutral vowels nka I). Iyo wandika imigereka y'inyuma mu Kimongoli, inyajwi ikoreshwa muri uwo mugereka igomba guhura n'inyajwi ziri mu ijambo ry'ifatizo (stem word).
Mu Kinyarwanda ihame nk'iri ntirirangwa cyane, usibye gusa ubwumvikane bw'inyajwi mu nshinga ziherekeza ibihe (vowel assimilation). Umusemuzi uhindura mu Kimongoli agomba kuba azi neza iri hame rya vowel harmony kugira ngo yandike amagambo arimo imigereka ku buryo bwiza kandi butazana ikosa ry'imyandikire (orthography). Kwibeshya ku nyajwi imwe gusa mu mugereka bishobora guhindura icyo ijambo risobanura cyangwa bikagira inyandiko itagaragara neza imbere y'abasomyi b'Abamongoli.
5. Imikoreshereze y'Ibyerekezo n'Ibinyazina (Prepositions vs. Postpositions)
Ikinyarwanda gikoresha ibyajyanye n'imbere ya, inyuma ya, hejuru ya, cyangwa munsi ya (prepositions), aho ibi bice by'interuro biza mbere y'izina byerekezaho. Mu Kimongoli, ibi bikorwa mu buryo bunyuranye cyane kuko bakoresha ibinyura inyuma y'izina (postpositions). Izina rirabanza, hanyuma ijambo ryerekana icyerekezo cyangwa isano rikagomba gukurikira:
- Ikinyarwanda: "Ku meza" cyangwa "Munsi y'igiti".
- Ikimongoli: "Table on" (Shirbeng deer) cyangwa "Tree under" (Modon door).
Ubu buryo bwo guhindura imyanya y'amagambo busaba umusemuzi kwitonda cyane kuko kwibeshya ukabishyira mu buryo bw'Ikinyarwanda bituma inyandiko y'Ikimongoli iba itumvikana na gato kandi idahuye n'ikibonezamvugo cy'urwo rurimi.
6. Inama z'Inganzamarumaru ku Basemuzi n'Abahinduzi
Kugira ngo ugerereze ku buhinduzi bwiza bunoze kandi butaryoshye amatwi gusa ahubwo bunonosoye neza, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- Guhuza Amagambo y'Imyemerere n'Ubuvanganzo: Imigani n'imvugo z'ikinyabupfura ntibigomba guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi. Shakisha imigani n'imvugo z'ikinyabupfura zihwanye na zo mu muco w'Abamongoli kugira ngo umusomyi yumve neza ubutumwa bwawe.
- Kwitonda ku Bwinshi n'Ubumwe (Number Agreement): Ikinyarwanda cyerekana ubwinshi binyuze mu mpinduka z'ingera z'amazina (urugero: umuntu -> abantu). Mu Kimongoli, ubwinshi bwomakwa ku mazina hakoreshejwe imigereka itandukanye bitewe n'uko ijambo ryanditse n'iri hame ry'amajwi (vowel harmony).
- Koresha Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho n'Amagambo y'Igifatizo: Mu guhindura hagati y'izi ndimi zombi zidafite inkoranyamagambo zikomeye zuzuye, koresha indimi zo hagati (nko Kwongereza cyangwa Ikirusiya) kugira ngo usuzume niba ibisobanuro by'amagambo y'ikoranabuhanga n'ay'ubumenyi bitakaye.
- Isuzuma ry'Umusomyi Gakondo: Nyuma yo guhindura inyandiko, buri gihe shyira inyandiko yawe mu maboko y'umuvuzi w'Ikimongoli gakondo (native speaker) kugira ngo asome kandi akosore imyandikire n'injyana y'interuro.
Guhindura ibyanditswe mu Kinyarwanda ubijyana mu Kimongoli ni inzira isaba kwihangana, ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, n'urukundo rw'indimi zombi. Binyuze mu gusesengura neza ikibonezamvugo, guhuza imico, n'imyandikire inoze, abasemuzi bashobora kubaka ikiraro gikomeye gihuza iyi miryango yombi mu buryo bw'indimi n'umuco.