Uguqulelo lweelwimi luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokunxibelelana phakathi kweentlanga ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi kwilizwekazi laseAfrika apho iilwimi zesiBantu zithatha indawo enkulu. Uguqulelo ukusuka kwisiXhosa (ulwimi lwesiNguni oluthethwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika) ukuya kwisiShona (ulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu eZimbabwe) lunika amathuba amahle kunye nemiceli-mngeni ekhethekileyo. Nangona ezi lwimi zombini zabelana ngeengcambu ezifanayo zesiBantu, kukho umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwesakhiwo, isigama, nenkcubeko ekufuneka umguquleli wobuchule aqwalasele kuwo ukwenzela ukuba umsebenzi wakhe uchaneke kwaye ube nentsingiselo egqibeleleyo.
Ubudlelwane Besakhiwo Neengcambu Zeelwimi ZesiBantu
IsiXhosa nesiShona zezo sapho lunye lweelwimi zesiBantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba zombini ezi lwimi zisebenzisa isakhiwo sezimaphambili zamagama (noun class prefixes) ukuchaza izinto, abantu, kunye neemeko. Umzekelo, amagama amaninzi anentsingiselo efanayo okanye ehambelanayo ngenxa yale mvelaphi inye. Kwiilwimi zombini, izivumelanisi zentetho (concords) zikhokelwa ludidi lwebizo elisetyenzisiweyo kwisivesi okanye kwisivakalisi.
Nangona kunjalo, isiXhosa silolona lwimi lwesiNguni (Nguni group S20), ngelixa isiShona simelwe liqela laso elizimeleyo lesiShona (Shona group S10). Le mvelaphi eyahlukileyo idala umahluko obonakalayo kwindlela amagama abhalwa ngayo, isandi sawo, kunye nendlela izivakalisi ezakhiwa ngayo. Umguquleli kufuneka aqonde ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi lwimi alwenzeki ngokuzenzekelayo ngenxa nje yokuba zombini ziziilwimi zesiBantu; kufuneka isifundo esinzulu nobuchule obuphezulu bezomthetho weelwimi kunye nesakhiwo sentetho.
Umahluko Osemandleni: Izandi kunye ne-Orthography
Omnye weyona miceli-mngeni mikhulu kuguqulelo ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiShona ngumahluko wezandi zentetho. IsiXhosa saziwa kakhulu ngezandi zaso ezinqamlezayo okanye iikhonshonanti zeklikhi (click consonants - 'c', 'q', 'x'). Ezi zandi zithathwe kwiilwimi zamaKhoisan kwaye zidlala indima enkulu kwisigama nasekuphinyisweni kwamagama. Kwelinye icala, isiShona asinazo kwaphela ezi zandi zeklikhi.
Ukongeza, indlela yokubhala (orthography) isebenzisa imigaqo eyahlukileyo. IsiXhosa sisebenzisa izikhamiso ezimbini kwindawo ezithile kwaye sinendlela entsonkothileyo yokudibanisa amagama (agglutinative system) apho amagama ahlukeneyo ehlanganiswa abe limalunga elinye elide. IsiShona naso siyawadibanisa amagama kodwa silandela imithetho yaso ethambileyo nentsonkothileyo ngokwendlela yokubhala eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Standard Shona Orthography. Umguquleli kufuneka abhale ngobuchule obuphezulu ukuze angazisi isakhiwo sesiXhosa kwisiShona, nto leyo enokwenza ukuba umbhalo wesiShona uvakale ungalunganga okanye ungaqhelekanga kubafundi baso.
Iindidi Zamagama Nokusetyenziswa Kwezivumelanisi
Iindidi zamagama (noun classes) zibaluleke kakhulu kuguqulelo lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa ebonisa umahluko phakathi kwale mimandla mibini:
- Udidi loku-1 (Abantu): KwisiXhosa, isiphawuli sivame ukuba ngu-"um-" (umzekelo: umntu). KwisiShona, isiphawuli salo didi siba ngu-"mu-" (umzekelo: munhu).
- Udidi lwesi-2 (Isininzi): KwisiXhosa sisebenzisa "aba-" (umzekelo: abantu), ngelixa kwisiShona kusetyenziswa "va-" (umzekelo: vanhu).
- Udidi lwesi-7 kunye nolesi-8 (Izinto): KwisiXhosa kusetyenziswa "isi-" kunye "izi-" (umzekelo: isitya / izitya), kodwa kwisiShona kusetyenziswa "chi-" kunye "zvi-" (umzekelo: chiro / zviro okanye ndiro / ndiro ngokomxholo).
Umguquleli kufuneka abe nobuchule bokuqonda ukuba izivumelanisi zentetho (concords) ziyaguquka ngokupheleleyo xa uhlula ezi lwimi zombini. Xa iguqulelwa isivakalisi esinzulu, isivumelanisi sisenokulahleka ukuba akukho kuqonda kuphangaleleyo kwendlela izenzi ezisebenzisana ngayo namabizo kwiilwimi zombini, nto leyo enokudala ukudideka okukhulu kumfundi wesiShona.
Iingcebiso Nezicwangciso Zoguqulelo Wobuchule
Ukuze umsebenzi woguqulelo ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiShona ube nodumo kwaye uchaneke kakuhle, landela ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo:
1. Kuphephe Uguqulelo Lwegama Ngegama (Literal Translation)
Uguqulelo lwegama ngegama luyingozi kakhulu kulo naluphi na uguqulelo lweelwimi, kodwa lubi ngakumbi phakathi kweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona unokufumana amagama afanayo ngokwesandi, intsingiselo yawo isenokuba yahluke ngokupheleleyo. Hlala ujonge intsingiselo yomxholo wonke wesivakalisi endaweni yokujolisa kwigama elinye.
2. Qonda Inkcubeko Nentlalontle Yeentlanga Zombini
Ulwimi luqulathe inkcubeko yabantu abaluthethayo. IsiXhosa sithetha kakhulu ngezithethe, amasiko, kunye nendlela yokuphila yamaXhosa eMzantsi Afrika, ngelixa isiShona sibonisa inkcubeko yamaShona eZimbabwe. Uguqulelo lwezafobe, amaqhalo (proverbs), kunye nezaci ludinga ukuba umguquleli afumane iqhalo elifanayo kwisiShona elinomtsalane kunye nentsingiselo ehambelanayo, endaweni yokuguqulela amazwi lawo nje njengoko enjalo.
3. Hlaziya Isigama Sentlalo Nexesha Elikhoyo
Iilwimi zombini zikhula yonke imihla. Kukho isigama esitsha seenkqubo zekhompyutha, itekhnoloji, ezopolitiko, kunye nezoqoqosho. Umguquleli kufuneka abe nolwazi malunga namagama amatsha amkelweyo kwisiShona (umzekelo, amagama athathwe kwisiNgesi okanye adalwe ngokutsha ngabaphengululi beelwimi) ukuze umbhalo ube ngowangoku kwaye ube lula ukufundwa ngabantu belo lizwe.
Ukusetyenziswa Kwekhompyutha Nee-Software Kuguqulelo
Kule mihla yetekhnoloji, abaguquleli basebenzisa izixhobo zekhompyutha ezifana nee-CAT Tools (Computer-Assisted Translation) kunye neenkqubo ze-Machine Translation (MT). Nangona ezi zixhobo ziluncedo kakhulu ekukhawuleziseni umsebenzi, zihlala zenza iimpazamo ezinkulu xa kufikwa kwiilwimi zesiBantu njengesiXhosa nesiShona. Oku kubangelwa kukuba idatha yeelwimi zaseAfrika kwi-intanethi iseyincinci kakhulu.
Ngoko ke, igalelo fomguquleli ongomnye wabantu (human translator) libaluleke kakhulu ukulungisa, ukuhlela (post-editing), kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba isandi sentetho sivakala njengomntu wokuzalwa othetha ulwimi olo. Izixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa (Artificial Intelligence) kufuneka zisetyenziswe njengesikhokelo kuphela, hayi njengomthombo wokugqibela woguqulelo lwakho.
Ukuqukumbela
Uguqulelo olusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiShona lufuna inyameko, ulwazi olunzulu lweelwimi zombini, kunye nokuhlonipha inkcubeko eyahlukileyo. Ngokulandela le migaqo kunye nokuphepha imigibe yotoliko lwegama ngegama, abaguquleli banokudala imibhalo ecacileyo, enomtsalane, nechanekileyo ehlangabezana neemfuno zabafundi beelwimi zombini kwaye iphuhlise unxibelelwano oluhle phakathi kwezi zizwe zimbini zaseAfrika.