Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi zomthonyama zaseMzantsi Afrika linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekwakheni uqhagamshelwano, ukukhuthaza umanyano, kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi phakathi kwabantu abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwezi lwimi, isiXhosa (ulwimi lwasemaXhoseni) kunye nesiTswana (Setswana) zeziye zezona lwimi zithethwayo kakhulu emaveni nakumaphandle ohlukeneyo. Nangona zombini ezi lwimi zilawulwa yintsapho enye yeelwimi zeBantu (Bantu languages), kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo ngokwemigaqo ye-morphology, i-syntax, kunye nendlela yokubiza amagama. Oku kwenza ukuba inkqubo yokuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiTswana idinge ingqiqo enzulu kunye nezakhono ezizodwa zolwimi.
Ukuqonda Imvelaphi yeelwimi: IsiNguni vs IsiSotho-Tswana
IsiXhosa singaphantsi kweqela leelwimi zesiNguni (ekukwakho kulo isiZulu, isiNdebele, nesiSwati). Iimpawu eziziinganga zesiXhosa ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwezandi zocofa (click sounds) kunye nolwakhiwo lwezivumi-zandi oluthile oluxhaphakileyo kakhulu ecaleni kwasempuma-shona. Kwelinye icala, isiTswana singaphantsi kweqela leelwimi zesiSotho-Tswana (eliquka isiSotho saseMzantsi kunye nesiPedi). IsiTswana asinaso isandi socofa njengesiXhosa, kwaye sisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha izakhi-magama kunye nezivumelanisi ezichaphazela indlela ekuvakala ngayo intsingiselo.
Lomahluko wentsapho yeelwimi uthetha ukuba umguquleli akanakuxhomekeka nje ekufaneni kwamagama ngqo. Umzekelo, amagama amaninzi anokuvakala efana kodwa abe nentsingiselo eyahlukileyo okanye asetyenziswe kwiimeko ezingafaniyo. Umguquleli kufuneka aqonde iinkqubo zombini zeelwimi ukuze akwazi ukudlulisa umyalezo ngendlela echanekileyo nengalahlekiyo, kunye nokuphepha iimpazamo ezisenokwenzeka ngenxa yokufana kwamagama okungekho kuko (false friends).
Imingeni eBalulekileyo kuGuqulelo lwesiXhosa ukuya kwisiTswana
Xa uguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiTswana, kukho imiba ebalulekileyo yegrama nekufuneka ihlale iqwalaselwe ngalo lonke ixesha:
- Izintlu zeZibizo (Noun Classes): Nangona zombini ezi lwimi zisebenzisa inkqubo yezintlu zezibizo, iizimamva (prefixes) kunye neziphumo zazo kwizivumelanisi (concords) zahlukile kakhulu. Umzekelo, isibizo esithi "umntu" (Class 1) ngesiXhosa sijika sibe ngu "motho" ngesiTswana. Kanti, isibizo esithi "abantu" (Class 2) sijika sibe ngu "batho". Umguquleli kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba izivumelanisi zesenzi kunye nesiphawulo ziyahambelana kakuhle nentloko yesivakalisi ngesiTswana, nto leyo edinga uqeqesho olunzulu lwegrama.
- Ukungabikho Kwezandi Zocofa kwiSetswana: IsiXhosa sinentsingiselo eninzi exhomekeke kwizandi zocofa (c, q, x). Xa uguqulela la magama, isiTswana sisebenzisa izandi eziqhelekileyo okanye amagama ahlukeneyo apheleleyo angenawo loo macofa. Umzekelo, igama elithi "ukuxhentsa" (ukudanisa ngendlela yesintu) liguqulelwa ngokuthi "go bina" okanye "go tina" kuxhomekeke kumxholo we-Tswana ophathelele kumdaniso. Oku kufuna ukuba umguquleli abe nolwazi olubanzi ngesigama sasekhaya seelwimi zombini.
- Izihlanganisi kunye nee-Prepositions: Indlela yokudibanisa izivakalisi ngesiXhosa isebenzisa izihlanganisi ezinjengo "kuba", "kodwa", kunye no "kanye". NgesiTswana, ezi zihlanganisi zisebenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwaye zifuna ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo lwe-syntax ukuze isivakalisi sibe nentsingiselo ecacileyo kubafundi baso.
Umahluko we-Orthography kunye neePrefixes zesiXhosa neziTswana
IsiXhosa sisebenzisa indlela yokubhala edityanisiweyo (conjunctive writing system), apho izimaphambili, izivumelanisi, kunye nezenzi zidityaniswa zibe lilizwi elinye elide. Umzekelo: "ndiyabathanda" (ndi-ya-ba-thanda). Kwelinye icala, isiTswana sisebenzisa indlela yokubhala eyahlulwayo (disjunctive writing system), apho iindawo ezahlukeneyo zentetho zibhalwa njengamagama ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo weTswana ohambelana nalo unokuba ngu "ke a ba rata" (ke a ba rata). Oku kuthetha ukuba umguquleli kufuneka abe nenkathalo enkulu xa ebhala, ukuze angasebenzisi imigaqo yopelo lwesiXhosa kwisiTswana, okanye ngokuchaseneyo.
Ngapha koko, isiXhosa sisebenzisa izimaphambili eziphindwe kabini (double prefixes) kumazwi amaninzi, njengathi "umfazi", apho "u-" kunye ne-"m-" zikhoyo. KwesiTswana, inkqubo ilula ngakumbi kuba basebenzisa isilimela esinye esifana no "mosadi". Oku kuthetha ukuba isivumelanisi sesenzi siyakutshintsha ngokupheleleyo, kwaye le miyalelo kufuneka ilandelwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuze isicatshulwa sokugqibela sivakale sendalo kwaye sikhuphe intsingiselo echanekileyo.
Amaqhalo kunye neZaci: Ukugcina Intsingiselo yeNkcubeko
Enye yezona ndawo zinzima kakhulu kuguqulelo kukungqubana kwamaqhalo neziyelelane. Iilwimi zesiBantu zityebile kakhulu ngamaqhalo abonisa indlela yokuphila nenkcubeko yabantu. Ukuguqulela igama ngegama (literal translation) kunokutshabalalisa intsingiselo yoqobo okanye kubenze abafundi besiTswana bangayiqondi kwaphela into ethethwayo.
Umzekelo, ilizwi lesiXhosa elithi "Ukuhamba kukufunda" linesinye isaci esifanayo ngesiTswana esithi "Go tsamaya ke go bona". Apha intsingiselo igcinwe kakuhle kuba omnye umbono ufana nomnye. Kodwa, amaqhalo anjengo "Inkaba yam" (elithetha apho uvela khona okanye apho unxibelelene khona kakhulu nomhlaba wakho) anokufuna inkcazo ebanzi okanye ukufumana isaci esifanelekileyo ngesiTswana esithi "Mokolwane" okanye "Lelwapa laka" kuxhomekeke kumxholo. Indlela yokuphila yamaXhosa kummandla waselwandle okanye ezintabeni, kunye neyamaTswana ahlala kwiindawo ezomileyo nezingaphakathi elizweni, inefuthe elikhulu kwizaci ezisetyenziswayo.
Ukwenziwa kweelwimi zanamhlanje (Modernization and Terminology)
Kweli xesha lanamhlanje ledijithali kunye neteknoloji, kukho amagama amatsha avela mihla le. Indlela isiXhosa nesiTswana azithatha ngayo la magama ithetha lukhulu ngenguqulelo. Ngamanye amaxesha, isiXhosa samkela igama ngokuliguqulela kwindlela yokubiza yesiNguni, ngelixa isiTswana singasebenzisa indlela yeSotho-Tswana okanye sizele ngamagama avela kwisiNgesi nesiBhulu (loanwords). Umzekelo, igama elithi "ikhompyutha" ngesiXhosa linesakhi salo esidityanisiweyo, ngelixa ngesiTswana linokubhalwa ngokuthi "khomputara". Umguquleli kufuneka abe nolwazi olusebenza kakhulu lwezi ndlela zombini zokwamkela amagama amatsha, kwaye abhale ngendlela ehambelana nekomiti yeelwimi ye-PanSALB.
Iingcebiso zabaGuquleli boBungcali boLwimi
Ukuze ufumane uguqulelo olukumgangatho ophezulu oluya kwamkelwa ngabafundi besiTswana kwaye lubhalwe ngobuchule obuphezulu, landela ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo:
- Musa ukuGuqulela Igama ngeGama: Ngalo lonke ixesha, gcila kwingcinga okanye kumyalezo opheleleyo wesivakalisi. Funda isivakalisi sesiXhosa usiqonde kakuhle, uze usibhale kwakhona ngesiTswana usebenzisa ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo nolusulungekileyo lwesiTswana.
- Sebenzisa izichazi-magama ezithembekileyo: Nakuba unokuba nobuchule bokuthetha zombini ezi lwimi, izichazi-magama zeelwimi zesiBantu zibalulekile ekufumaneni amagama achanekileyo, ingakumbi kwimiba yobuchwepheshe, ezomthetho okanye ezonyango.
- Qwalasela uMmandla (Dialects): IsiTswana sithethwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neNorth West, Gauteng, kunye naseBotswana. Zazi iintlobo ngeentlobo zeelwimi kunye namagama akhethwayo kuwo lowo mmandla uguqulela wona ukuze umyalezo ufikelele ngokuchanekileyo kubafundi ekujoliswe kubo.
- Hlela kwaye uFunde kwakhona: Xa ugqibile ukuguqulela, shiya isicatshulwa ixesha elincinci uze ubuyele kuso ukuze usifunde ngeso elitsha. Oku kunceda ekufumaneni iimpazamo zokwakhiwa kwezivakalisi, upelo kunye nesigama esinokuba sithathiwe ngempazamo kwisiNguni.
Ukuqukumbela: Indima yoLwimi ekuHlaleni
Uguqulelo olusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiTswana aluyi kuphela ngokususa amagama kolunye ulwimi ubase kolunye, kodwa lumalunga nokwakha ibhulorho phakathi kwezi nkcubeko zimbini zibalulekileyo eMzantsi Afrika. Ngokulandela le migaqo kunye nokuhlonipha iimpawu ezizodwa zolwimi ngalunye, abaguquleli banokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi luyadlalana kwaye lufikeleleka kuye wonke umntu ngendlela enesidima, echanekileyo, kunye nekhuthaza uphuhliso lolwimi lwenkobe.