Ko te whakawhiti kōrero i waenga i te reo Māori me te reo Malagasy he haerenga whakamiharo i roto i te taha ki te whakapapa o ngā reo. Ahakoa he tawhiti te pa tawhiti i waenga i a Aotearoa me Madagascar, e hono ana ēnei reo e rua i raro i te maru o te whānau reo kotahi, ara, ko te whānau reo Ahiterepirihia (Austronesian). Mō te kaiwhakamāori, he māmā ake ētahi wāhanga nā tēnei hononga matua, engari tērā anō ngā uauatanga me ngā rerekētanga wetereo e whai tikanga ana kia mārama ai te hunga e mahi ana i tēnei tōtara waka. Mā tēnei tuhinga e whakaatu te ara, ngā āhuatanga hohonu, me ngā tohu āwhina hei whakawhiti tika i te reo Māori ki te reo Malagasy.
Te Whakapapa me te Hononga o ngā Reo e Rua
Ko te reo Māori me te reo Malagasy he reo tuahine i roto i te whānau reo Austronesian, e mārama ana i raro i te manga Malayo-Polynesian. He mano tini tau ki muri, ka rere ngā waka i te Moananui-a-Kiwa me te Moana Inia, a, nā tēnei wehewehenga ka tipu motuhake ngā reo nei ki ngā tōpito o te ao. Heoi, ko ngā kaupapa matua o te wetereo me te kupu e whakaatu tonu ana i to raua whakapapa kotahi.
He maha ngā kupu e rite ana te ahuatanga o te oro me te tikanga, e kīia nei he cognates. Hei tauira:
- Mate (Māori) / Maty (Malagasy): I roto i te reo Māori, ko te kupu 'mate' ko te kore o te ora, a, i te reo Malagasy ko te 'maty' te kupu mō te matenga.
- Mata (Māori) / Maso (Malagasy): Ko te 'mata' i te reo Māori he rite tonu ki te 'maso' i te reo Malagasy, e pa ana ki te pāngarau o te kite.
- Rua (Māori) / Roa (Malagasy): Ko te nama e rua i roto i te reo Māori ka kīia he 'roa' i roto i te reo Malagasy.
- Rima (Māori) / Dimy (Malagasy): Mō te nama e rima, he tino tata te āhua o te oro i waenga i te rima me te dimy.
Mā te mōhio ki ēnei kupu rite, ka noho tēnei hei kaupapa kaha mō te hunga whakawhiti reo ki te hanga piriti i waenga i ēnei ao e rua. Heoi, ahakoa ēnei kupu matua, kua neke kē ngā reo e rua i roto i ō rāua taiao motuhake, no reira me ata titiro ki ngā rerekētanga wetereo me te tikanga ahurea.
Ngā Rerekētanga Wetereo me te Hanganga Rerenga Kupu
Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui mō te kaiwhakamāori ko te hanganga rerenga kupu. Ko te reo Māori e whai ana i te hanganga Verb-Subject-Object (VSO), ara, ka timata te rerenga kōrero ki te kupu mahi, whai muri ko te kai mahi, ka mutu ki te mea e mahi nei. Hei tauira: "E kai ana te tangata i te aporo."
I te taha ki te reo Malagasy, ko te hanganga matua ko te Verb-Object-Subject (VOS). He tino onge tēnei hanganga rerenga kupu i te ao katoa. Hei tauira, ki te kīia i te reo Malagasy: "Mihinana paoma ny olona" (Kai aporo te tangata). Ko te kupu mahi ("mihinana" / kai) me te mea e mahia ana ("paoma" / aporo) kei mua i te kai mahi ("ny olona" / te tangata). Mā te whakamāori, me huri te hinengaro o te kaiwhakamāori ki tēnei hanganga rerekē kia kore ai e hē te rere o te kōrero i te reo Malagasy.
I tua atu i te hanganga rerenga kupu, he mea nui te mahi a ngā matūriki me ngā tohu wā. Ko te reo Māori e whakamahi ana i ngā tohu wā penei i te 'kua', 'e... ana', 'ka', me te 'i'. I te reo Malagasy, kua whakaurua ēnei tohu wā ki roto tonu i te kupu mahi hei pīhono (prefixes) penei i te 'm-' (mō te wā inaianei), 'n-' (mō te wā kua pahure), me te 'h-' (mō te wā e heke mai ana). Hei tauira:
- "hihinana" (ka kai - wā e heke mai ana)
- "nihinana" (i kai - wā kua pahure)
- "mihinana" (e kai ana - wā inaianei)
Ko te whakamāori tika me whai i ēnei nuances wetereo kia puta ai te tikanga pono, ehara i te mea noa te whakawhiti kupu ki te kupu.
Te Whakawhiti Ahurea: Mai i te Mana me te Tapu ki te Hasina me te Fady
Kāore e taea te whakamāori i te reo me te kore e whakaaro ki te ahurea hōhonu o ngā iwi. Mō te reo Māori, ko te 'mana' me te 'tapu' ētahi o ngā kaupapa tino nui. He rite tonu tēnei ki te ao o te iwi Malagasy. I roto i tō rāua ao ahurea, ko ngā ariā nei he mea hanga nā tō rāua hononga tawhito ki te ao wairua me ngā tupuna.
Ko te kupu Māori 'mana' e pā ana ki te mana motuhake, te mana wairua, te mana tangata. I roto i te reo Malagasy, ko te kupu e rite ana ko te 'hasina', ara, he wairua motuhake, he mana tapu ranei e noho ana i roto i te tangata, i te taiao ranei. Ina whakamāoritia te kupu 'mana', me ata whiriwhiri mehemea ko te 'hasina' the kupu e tika ana mō taua horopaki wairua, mehemea ranei me whakamahi i ētahi atu kupu penei i te 'fahefana' (mana whakahaere).
Waihoki, ko te kupu Māori 'tapu' (prohibited, sacred) he tino orite ki te kupu Malagasy 'fady'. Ko te 'fady' he ture ahurea, he tapu ranei e whakatupato ana i te tangata kia kaua e mahi i ētahi mea i roto i ētahi wāhi, ki ētahi mea ranei hei karo i te riri o ngā tupuna (razana). Ko te mōhio ki ēnei hononga ahurea ka āwhina i te kaiwhakamāori ki te whakatakoto i ngā kōrero i runga i te whakaute me te hohonutanga e rite ana ki ngā ao e rua.
Ngā Tohutohu mō te Kaiwhakamāori
Mō te kaiwhakatakoto kupu e hiahia ana ki te whakawhiti mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Malagasy, ina ētahi tohutohu matua:
- Mārama ki te Horopaki: I te mea he reo tino mahi ngā reo e rua i te taha o te reo ā-tinana me te horopaki ahurea, kaua e whakamāori kupu-ki-kupu. Me kimi te wairua o te rerenga kōrero.
- Whakaritea te Hanga o te Rerenga Kupu: Hurihia te hanga mai i te VSO (Māori) ki te VOS (Malagasy). Kia mataara ki te wāhi o te mea e mahia ana (Object) me te tangata nana i mahi (Subject).
- Ata Whiriwhiri i ngā Kupu Tohu Ahurea: Me ata whakaaro ki ngā ariā penei i te 'whānau' (kua whakawhitia ki te 'fianakaviana') me te 'tupuna' (mo te Malagasy ko te 'razana'). He tino nui te mahi a te 'razana' (ancestors) ki Madagascar, penei ano i te Māori ki ō rātou tupuna.
- Whakamahia he Reo Takawaenga me te Tupato: I te mea kāore i te maha ngā papakupu u-tuwhiti tika mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Malagasy, me whakamahi pea te reo Pākehā hei reo takawaenga (bridge language), engari me ata tirotiro ngā nuances o te reo taketake kia kore ai e ngaro te tino tikanga i te huarahi.
Te Katinga o te Ara Whakawhiti Kōrero
Ahakoa he taumaha te mahi ki te whakawhiti i ēnei reo tuahine tokorua puta noa i te Moana Inia me te Moananui-a-Kiwa, he mea whakahihiri hoki. Nā te mea e whai ana rāua i taua whakapapa kotahi, ka kitea te auahatanga o te hunga tupuna i roto i ō rāua hanganga kōrero. Mā te whai i ēnei tohu wetereo, tohu ahurea, me te aro nui ki te horopaki, ka whakaritea he whakamāoritanga wairua-nui e whakaute ana i te mauri o te reo Māori me te ao o te reo Malagasy.