Kushandura mutauro kubva muChishona kuenda muChirungu haisi nyaya yekungotora shoko rimwe nerimwe richiiswa mune mumwe mutauro. Izvi zvinoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwete chete kwemashoko pachavo, asi kwetsika, magariro, matambudziko ekuumbwa kwemitsara, uye zvinoreva zvakavanzika zvemashoko mumitauro yese iri miviri. Chishona mutauro weBantu une hupfumi hukuru hwetsika nemagariro, ukuwo Chirungu chiri mutauro wekuMadokero une mapindurirwo akasiyana zvachose. Chinyorwa ichi chinotsanangura nzira dzakadzama, zvipingamupinyi, nemazano anogona kushandiswa nenyanzvi dzekushandura kuitira kuti zvinyorwa zvavo zvive zvakavimbika uye zvinonzwisisika nevanoverenga veChirungu pasina kurasikirwa nerevo yekutanga yeChishona.
Musiyano Wakadzama weZvivakwa zveMutauro (Syntactic and Grammatical Structures)
Mumwe wekusiyana kukuru kuri pakati peChishona neChirungu kune chekuita nekuumbwa kwemitsara uye magadzirirwo emazita nemazwi anoashandisa. Shanduro inobudirira inofanira kutarisana nekusiyana uku kuitira kuti mutsara weChirungu unyorwe nenzira inonzwisisika kune vanotaura mutauro iwoyo.
Mapoka eMazita muChishona (Noun Class System)
Chishona chine mapoka emazita (noun classes) anoti pamberi pemazita pane zvikamu zvinotaridza kuti zita iri riri muboka ripi (semuenzaniso: mu-, va-, chi-, zvi-). Izvi zvinopesana zvachose neChirungu icho chisina mapoka emazita aya. Mukushandura, unofanira kuve nehanya nekuti chirevo chemumiriri wemazita (pronouns) sevanhu ("uye", "iye") kana zvinhu ("icho", "izvo") chinoshandurwa zvakakodzera. Chirungu chinoshandisa mapronouns akazvimirira akadai sekuti "he", "she", "it", kana "they", nepo muchiShona zviratidziro izvi zvakanamatira pamushandi (verb agreement prefix).
Rongero yeMitsara nemitoo yekutaura (Word Order)
Kunyange zvazvo mitauro yese iri miviri ichishandisa rongero inoti Mushandi-Chiito-Mushandwa (Subject-Verb-Object - SVO), nzira iyo zvinoreva mutsara zvinotsanangurwa nadzo yakasiyana zvikuru. MuchiShona, tinogona kushandisa zvikamu zvinowedzerwa pauri (extensions) kuti titsanangure chimwe chinhu chiri kuitika kana nzira yachiri kuitwa nayo (semuenzaniso: "kumhanyisa", kubva pa "kumhanya"). MuchiChirungu, izvi zvinowanzoda mamwe mashoko akazvimirira akadai seekuti "to run fast" kana "to cause someone to run". Nyanzvi inofanira kunzwisisa kusiyana uku kuitira kuti isasanganise madimikira nemashoko ezviito zvinogona kutsausa muverengi.
Dambudziko reTsumo, Madimikira neTsika mumashanduro
Mutauro chionioni chetsika. Chishona chine tsumo nemadimikira akawanda zvikuru ayo anoratidza huchenjeri hwechinyakare nemagariro evanhu vemuZimbabwe. Kushandura tsumo nemadimikira izvi nenzira yekungotsiva shoko neshoko (literal translation) kunounza mitsara yeChirungu isina zvainoreva zvachose.
Semuenzaniso, tsumo inoti "Kugona nhanho dzekutsika madhaka" haigone kushandurwa ichinzi "Knowing the steps of stepping in mud". Izvi hazvina zvazvinoreva kumunhu anotaura Chirungu. Panzvimbo pezvo, nyanzvi inofanira kuwana tsumo inoreva zvakafanana muChirungu (equivalent idiom) yakadai sekuti "To know the ropes" kana kutsanangura chirevo chacho chinoti kuve neruzivo nemaitiro echinhu pane zvinoda kuitwa. Saizvozvowo, dimikira rekuti "kudya marasha" (kutsamwa kwazvo) harifanire kunzi "to eat charcoal", asi kuti "to be extremely angry" kana "to breathe fire".
Mazano Enyanzvi Okushandura Kuti Ibudirire (Professional Translation Tips)
Kuti shanduro yako ibve muChishona iende muChirungu ive yemhando yepamusoro uye inorumbidzwa nenyanzvi, tevera mazano anotevera:
- Nzwisisa Shoko muChirevo (Context is King): Usamhanyire kushandura shoko usati wanzwisisa ndima yese. Mamwe mashoko echiShona ane chirevo chakasiyana zvichienderana nekuti ashandiswa papi. Semuenzaniso, shoko rekuti "nyanga" rinogona kureva nyanga dzemhuka (horns) kana kuti n'anga/chiremba wechivanhu (traditional healer) mune mamwe mazwi emimwe mitauro yemuno.
- Kushandura Pfungwa Kwete Mashoko (Translate Meaning, Not Words): Chinangwa cheshanduro ndechekuendesa meseji. Rega kubatiswa nemazwi akanyorwa, asi batisisa pfungwa iri kumashure kwemazwi iwayo. Izvi zvinoita kuti chinyorwa chako cheChirungu chive chechisikigo uye chinoyerera zvakanaka (natural flow).
- Ngwarira Mashoko asina Shanduro Yakananga: Kune mashoko echiShona anotsanangura tsika kana magariro asina mazwi anoenderana nawo zvakananga muChirungu. Mashoko akaita sekuti "roora" (bride price/dowry, asi zvisina kunyatsofanana neizvi munhoroondo yaro), "mutupo" (totem), kana "chisi" (traditional day of rest) anoda kutsanangurwa nemutsetse pane kungoashandura rimwe nerimwe. Kana zvichibvira, shoko reChishona rinosiiwa rakadaro richibva ratsanangurwa mumashoko mashoma kuitira kuchengetedza huremu hwaro.
- Kuverengazve nekugadzirisa (Review and Edit): Mushure mekuita shanduro yako yeChirungu, iverenge zvakare usiri kutarisa chinyorwa cheChishona. Izvi zvinokubatsira kuona kana mitsara yacho inoshanda seChirungu chemhando yepamusoro uye isina kubatwa nechirwere chekunzwikwa seChishona chakashandurwa.
Matanho Ekuita Shanduro yeUnyanzvi
Nzira yekushandura yakarongeka ine matanho anofanira kuteverwa kuitira kuti zvibereko zvacho zvive zvakakwana. Matanho aya anosanganisira:
- Kuverenga Ndima Yese: Iverenge yese ndima yacho kuitira kuti unzwisise kuti mudetembi, munyori, kana mugadziri wenhau arikutaura nezvei, uye kuti inzwi (tone) renyaya yacho rakamira sei (rakatsamwa, remafaro, rerudo, kana renhau).
- Kugadzira Gwaro reMazwi anozivikanwa (Glossary): Gadzira mazwi akakosha, zvikurukuru mashoko ehunyanzvi, uye tsvaga shanduro yawo yakakodzera kare. Izvi zvinodzivirira kushandura shoko rimwe chete nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana mukati mebasa rimwe chete.
- Drafting (Kunyora Chinyorwa Chekutanga): Nyora shanduro yako yekutanga usingambonetseki zvakanyanya nekuumbwa kwemitsara panguva iyoyo. Chinangwa ndechekuendesa pfungwa dzese.
- Kugadzirisa nekubatanidza (Refining and Polishing): Pano unotarisa kuwirirana kwezvivakwa zvemutauro, zvipembedzo, uye chizvarwa chemutauro. Ita shuwa kuti mashoko uye misoro yezvikamu yakarongeka uye inokwezva vanoverenga veChirungu.
Mhedziso yeShanduro Yemazuva Ano
Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekudyidzana kwenyika pasi rose, kushandurwa kweChishona kuenda kuChirungu kuri kuwedzera kukosha. Basa iri rinoda kuti munhu anoritaura asangove munhu anotsiva mazwi chete, asi ave munhu anoziva mutsika dzevaShona netsika dzevanhu vanotaura Chirungu. Kushandisa mazano ataurwa pamusoro apa kuchabatsira kupa shanduro inovimbika, inonzwisisika, uye inoratidza runako nemagariro eChishona nenzira inozivikanwa muChirungu cheunyanzvi.