He pūkenga matua mō te hunga whakamāori, whakahuri reo hoki e rapu ana i te kōrero tika, te aroha ahurea, me te kounga o te tuhinga.
He Whakataki ki te Wero me te Hiringa o te mahi Whakawhiti Reo
Ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Itāria he tohu o te hononga nui i waenga i ngā ao e rua. Ahakoa he reo taketake te reo Māori nō te whānau reo o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa (Austronesian), a, he reo nō te whānau reo Ino-Ūropi (Indo-European) te reo Itāria, he nui ngā āhua e hono ai ēnei ao na te hohonu o te whakamahi i ngā ariā ā-hapori me te ahurea. Ko te mahi whakawhiti i ēnei reo e rua ehara i te rapu kupu taurite noa i roto i te papakupu. He tukanga e tono ana i te hohonutanga o te mātauranga wetereo, te tautuhi i te aronga o te kōrero, me te whakaute i te mana o te reo taketake me tō te reo ūnga.
Hei whakatutuki i tētahi whakawhiti reo Māori ki te reo Itāria e whai take ana, me matua mārama te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki ngā wetereo motuhake o ia reo. I tētahi taha, ko te wetereo Māori e whakamahi ana i te hanganga Kupu Mahi-Kaiurutanga-Ope (Verb-Subject-Object - VSO). I tētahi taha, ko te reo Itāria e whai ana i te hanganga Kaiurutanga-Kupu Mahi-Ope (Subject-Verb-Object - SVO). Ma tēnei rerekētanga nui o te tū o ngā kupu e mahi ai te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki te whakahou i te rerenga kōrero katoa kia kore ai e rerekē te maramatanga o te pānui ki te hunga noho ki Ītari.
Ngā Rerekētanga Wetereo Hōhonu: VSO vs SVO
Ki te tirohia te wetereo Māori, ka kitea te whakaharahara o te whakamahi i ngā tohu kupu mahi pēnei i a kua, ka, e... ana, me te i. Ko ēnei tohu e whakaatu ana i te wā o te mahi (tense) me tōna āhua (aspect) me te kore e huri i te tinana o te kupu mahi tonu. Engari, i te reo Itāria, he tino rerekē. Ko te kupu mahi i te reo Itāria (pēnei i te kupu parlare, scrivere rānei) ka huri tonu tōna mutunga (conjugation) i runga i te wā, te tangata (tuatahi, tuarua, tuatoru), me te tokomaha o te hunga e mahi ana. Hei tauira:
- Māori: E kōrero ana te tamaiti. (Kei konei te tohu e... ana hei whakaatu i te mahi kei te haere tonu).
- Itāria: Il bambino parla. (Ko te kupu mahi parlare kua huri hei parla mō te tangata tuatoru takitahi).
Na reira, me tino mataara te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki te tautuhi i te kaiwhakarite, te kaimahi rānei o te rerenga kōrero Māori i mua i te panonitanga ki te reo Itāria. Ki te kore e tautuhia te kaiwhakarite, ka uaua te rapu i te kupu mahi tika i te reo Itāria na te mea e hiahiatia ana he tūpou me tētahi huringa kupu mahi e hāngai ana ki taua tangata tonu.
Te Papamuri Ahurea me te Whakawhiti Ariā Māori
Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui rawa atu i roto i te whakawhiti reo Māori ki te reo Itāria, ko te whakamāoritanga o ngā kupu tapu, kupu ahurea hoki e kiia nei he kupu kore-taurite (untranslatable words). Ko ngā kupu pēnei i te mana, tapu, kaitiakitanga, me te whanaungatanga he tino hohonu te ūnga ahurea i roto i te ao Māori, a, kāhore he kupu kotahi i te reo Itāria hei whakarite mō ēnei.
Hei whakatutuki i tēnei wero, e rua ngā ara matua ka taea e te kaiwhakawhiti reo te whai:
- Te pupuri i te kupu Māori me te whakatakoto whakamārama: Ka taea te pupuri i te kupu taketake (pēnei i te kaitiakitanga) ka tuhi ai i tētahi whakamārama poto ki te reo Itāria (pēnei i te custodia spirituale e ambientale). He huarahi tēnei e whakaute ana i te mana o te reo Māori me te pupuri i te tapu o ngā kupu.
- Te rapu i te aria tata rawa atu i te reo Itāria: Mō te kupu whanaungatanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te kupu senso di appartenenza familiare o comunitaria rānei. Mō te manaakitanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te kupu ospitalità e cura reciproca. Ko tēnei huarahi e auaha ana i te hononga mārama mō te pānui Itāria, ahakoa ka ngaro tētahi wāhanga o te hohonu o te kupu taketake.
Te Pūnaha Tāne/Wahine me te Whakaritenga i ngā Pīnakitanga o te Reo
Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga nui ko te pūnaha tāne me te wahine (grammatical gender) i te reo Itāria. I te reo Māori, kāhore he tūwāhi tāne, tūwāhi wahine rānei mō ngā kupu ingoa katoa. Engari i te reo Itāria, ko ngā kupu ingoa katoa he tāne (maschile), he wahine (femminile) rānei. Ko te kupu te rākau (reo Māori) he mea noa, engari i te reo Itāria, he tāne te kupu l'albero. Ko te kupu te whare he wahine i te reo Itāria (la casa). Ko tēnei pūnaha ka tono kia mohio te kaiwhakawhiti ki te hono i ngā kupu tohu (articles) me ngā kupuāhua (adjectives) e hāngai ana ki te ira o te kupu ingoa.
I tua atu i tēnei, ko ngā pīnakitanga o te reo, pēnei i te a me te o (categories of possession) i te reo Māori, he mea uaua ki te whakaatu i te reo Itāria. Ko te a e tohu ana i te mana whakahaere o te tangata ki runga i te taonga (active possession), ko te o e tohu ana he mea tuku iho, kāhore rānei he mana whakahaere (passive possession). I te reo Itāria, ka whakamahia noatia te kupu di (nā/nō) me te kore e whakaatu i taua rerekētanga hōhonu. Ma te kaiwhakawhiti reo e whakapākehā, e whakaitāria rānei te horopaki mā te whakatakoto rerenga kōrero taapiri mena he mea nui taua rerekētanga ki te kōrero matua.
Tohutohu Mātanga mō te Whakawhiti Reo Māori ki te Reo Itāria
Mā te hunga pūkenga e rapu ana i te tino kounga i roto i o rātou tuhinga whakahuri reo, tēnā whaihia ēnei tohutohu motuhake hei arahi i a koutou:
- Mārama ki te horopaki ahuri: I mua i te tīmatanga, tātarihia te horopaki o te tuhinga taketake. He tuhinga ōhawa, he tuhinga ohaoha, he tuhinga tapu rānei? Ma tēnei e whakatau te aronga o te whakawhiti kupu.
- Whakaarohia te hunga pānui: He hunga pānui Itāria pūkenga e mārama ana ki ngā kaupapa ahurea o te ao whānui, he hunga pānui auraki rānei? Ki te mea he hunga auraki, whakaritea he papakupu poto rānei i te mutunga o te tuhinga hei whakamārama i ngā kaupapa matua.
- Te Tika o te Reo Itāria: Kia mahara ki te rerekē o ngā tūtohu pōti (formal and informal registers). I te ao Māori, he mea nui te whakaatu i te whakaute mā te reo (kīwaha, whakataukī). I te reo Itāria, ka whakaaturia tēnei mā te whakamahi i te tūpou Lei (whakawhitiwahine/tane okawa) hei whakakapi i te tu (kōrerorero noa).
- Whakamahia ngā hangarau whakawhiti reo hei tautoko noa iho: Kāhore e taea e ngā miihini whakawhiti reo a-ipurangi te hopu i te wairua o te reo Māori, i te rerehua rānei o te reo Itāria. Me mahi te kaiwhakawhiti reo tangata hei whakatikatika, hei whakamātau i te pānui kia rere pai ai te reo.
Te Whakarāpopototanga o te Ara Whakawhiti
Hei whakakapi, ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Itāria he mahi tino auaha, he huarahi whakawhanake hoki i te māramatanga o te tangata ki ngā reo me ngā ahurea rerekē o te ao. Mā te aroha ki te reo taketake, te mārama ki te wetereo Itāria, me te hihiri ki te whakatika i ngā rerenga kōrero, ka taea te hanga i tētahi tuhinga e kore ai e ngaro te mana o te reo Māori, a, ka mārama hoki te hunga pānui i Ītari ki te wairua hōhonu o ngā kupu.