Kumasulira mabuku, zolemba, kapena zokambirana kuchokera m'Chichewa (chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti Chinyanja) kupita ku Chingerezi ndi ntchito yomwe ikufunika kwambiri masiku ano. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha kukula kwa mgwirizano wa zamakono, maphunziro, malonda, ndi kafukufuku pakati pa mayiko olankhula Chichewa monga Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique, ndi maiko ena padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kumasulira kukuwoneka ngati njira yosinthira mawu kuchokera ku chinenero chimodzi kupita ku china, kumasulira koyenera kumaphatikizapo kumvetsetsa mozama chikhalidwe, malamulo a galamala, komanso tanthauzo lenileni la mawu omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kusiyana kwa Galamala ndi Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo Pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chingerezi
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri pakumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita ku Chingerezi ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka zinenero izi. Chichewa ndi chinenero cha m'banja la Chibantu (Bantu languages), chomwe chimadalira kwambiri matchulidwe ndi magulu a maina (noun classes). Magulu a maina mu Chichewa amathandizira kusintha kapangidwe ka verebu ndi mawu ena m'chiganizo kudzera m'matchulidwe ogwirizana (concords).
Mwachitsanzo, mu Chichewa, chiganizo chimodzi chitha kukhala ndi verebu lomwe lili ndi zigawo zambiri monga mutu (subject prefix), nthawi (tense marker), chothandizira (object infix), ndi verebu lenileni. Tenga chiganizo chakuti: "Ndidzakuonani". Mukachimasulira ku Chingerezi, mawu amodzi amenewa amakhala chiganizo chathunthu cha mawu anayi: "I will see you." Womasulira aliyense ayenera kumvetsetsa bwino mmene zigawo izi zimagwirira ntchito mu Chichewa kuti athe kuziyika m'dongosolo loyenera la Chingerezi lomwe limatsata dongosolo la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) popanda kusintha tanthauzo lenileni.
Kuphatikiza apo, Chingerezi chilibe magulu a maina monga momwe zilili mu Chichewa (monga mu-a, chi-zi, li-ma, ndi zina). Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira ayenera kukhala maso kuti asasokonezeke ndi galamala ya Chichewa pofuna kupeza mawu ofanana nawo mu Chingerezi omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osavuta koma ofunika kusankha mawu oyenera (articles monga 'a', 'an', 'the') omwe sapezeka mwachindunji mu galamala ya Chichewa.
Miyambi, Nthanthi, ndi Chikhalidwe cha Chinyanja m'Kumasulira
Chinenero cha Chichewa ndi cholemera kwambiri ndi miyambi, nthanthi, ndi nthano zomwe zili ndi matanthauzo ozama achikhalidwe. Kumasulira mawu amenewa mwachindunji (literal translation) kupita ku Chingerezi nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa chisokonezo kapena kutaya tanthauzo lenileni la uthengawo. Kumasulira kwabwino kumafuna njira yomwe amati ndi "cultural transcreation" kapena kupeza miyambi yofanana tanthauzo m'chinenero cha Chingerezi.
Mwachitsanzo, mwambi wakuti "Mtsinje wosalala uli ndi ng'ona" ukanasuliridwa mawu ndi mawu ungakhale "A smooth river has crocodiles." Ngakhale kuti Chingerezi chimenechi n'chomveka, sichipereka tanthauzo lenileni limene mwambiwu uli nalo m'chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula Chichewa. Mwambi wa Chingerezi womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofanana kwambiri ndi umenewu ndi "Still waters run deep." Choncho, womasulira waluso ayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chambiri cha chikhalidwe cha mayiko onse awiri kuti athe kusunga mphamvu ndi tanthauzo la zolemba zake.
Nthawi zambiri, palinso mawu omwe alibe m'malo mwawo mwachindunji mu Chingerezi. Mawu monga "chisoni", "chipongwe", kapena "ulemu" amatha kukhala ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana malingana ndi mmene agwiritsidwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "ulemu" amatha kutanthauza "respect", "honor", kapena "dignity" mu Chingerezi. Kusankha mawu oyenera kumadalira kwambiri nkhani yonse (context) ya chiganizochonso.
Kusamalira Ulemu ndi Ubale (Honorifics and Social Registers)
Chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula Chichewa chimayika patsogolo kwambiri ulemu, makamaka polankhula ndi anthu akuluakulu, azibambo, azimai, kapena anthu achifumu ndi audindo. Izi zimawonekera mu galamala ya Chichewa kudzera mukugwiritsa ntchito mawu a muunyinji (plural forms) polankhula ndi munthu m'modzi wa ulemu.
Mwachitsanzo, kunena kuti "Inu mukudya" (pronoun ya muunyinji) polankhula ndi bambo m'modzi wa ulemu, m'malo moti "Iwe ukudya" (pronoun ya m'modzi) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polankhula ndi mwana kapena mnzako wapamtima. Mu Chingerezi, kusiyana kumeneku sikumawonekera mosavuta chifukwa mawu akuti "you" kapena matchulidwe a verbs sasintha posonyeza ulemu wa munthuyo. Ngati mukumasulira zokambirana kapena nkhani zolembedwa m'Chichewa kupita ku Chingerezi, ntchito yanu ndiyo kupeza njira zina mu Chingerezi zosonyezera ulemu umenewu, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mawu aulemu monga "Sir", "Madam", kapena kusankha mawu apamwamba (formal register) kuti asunge chikhalidwe cha ulemu chomwe chili mu Chichewa choyambirira.
Malangizo Othandiza Pakumasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chingerezi
Kuti mukhale womasulira wopambana komanso wodalirika, pali mfundo zofunika kwambiri zomwe muyenera kuzitsatira nthawi zonse:
- Kumvetsetsa Nkhani Inonse (Context): Nthawi zonse werengani chikalata chonse choyambirira musanayambe kumasulira. Izi zimakuthandizani kumvetsetsa cholinga cha wolembayo komanso omwe adzawerenga chikalatacho mu Chingerezi.
- Pewani Kumasulira Mawu ndi Mawu: Kumasulira mawu ndi mawu kumawononga kukoma ndi galamala ya chinenero chomwe mukumasulirako. Nthawi zonse masulirani maganizo kapena uthenga womwe uli m'chiganizo, osati mawu aliyense payekha.
- Dziwani Kusiyana kwa Zilankhulo Ziwirizi: Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za zilankhulo za ku Europe (Latin alphabet) monga Chingerezi, koma malembedwe a mawu ena amatha kusintha tanthauzo. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana pakati pa 'l' ndi 'r' mu Chichewa chamakono sikusokoneza tanthauzo kwambiri, koma mu Chingerezi ndikofunika kwambiri (monga 'play' ndi 'pray').
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida ndi Madikishonare Odalirika: Gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare a Chichewa ndi Chingerezi omwe ali ndi matanthauzo ozama komanso zitsanzo za mmene mawu amagwiritsidwira ntchito m'ziganizo. Izi zimathandiza kupewa matanthauzo olakwika.
- Kuwunika ndi Kukonza Zolemba (Proofreading): Mukamaliza kumasulira, patseni nthawi yowerenganso ntchito yanu mu Chingerezi popanda kuyang'ana Chichewacho. Izi zimakuthandizani kuwona ngati Chingerezi chanu chikuyenda bwino (flow) komanso ngati chikumveka mwachilengedwe kwa olankhula Chingerezi.
Kusungidwa kwa Tanthauzo Lenileni la Zolemba za Kafukufuku ndi Malamulo
Cholinga chachikulu cha kumasulira ndikusamutsa uthenga wopanda chinyengo kapena kuwonjezera maganizo a womasulirayo. Pankhani ya zolemba zovomerezeka za boma, zikalata za zamalamulo, kapena kafukufuku wa zamankhwala, kulondola kwa mawu ndikofunika kwambiri kuposa kukongola kwa chiganizo. Koma pankhani ya mabuku, ndakatulo, ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe, luso la womasulira pakusankha mawu okoma ndi omwe amapanga kusiyana kwakukulu.
Kudziwa malire pakati pa kumasulira kosamalitsa (accuracy) ndi kumasulira kosinthika (fluency) ndiyo mfungulo yakupambana. Womasulira amene ali ndi chidziwitso chozama cha Chichewa komanso Chingerezi amatha kusinthasintha malire amenewa popanda kusokoneza uthenga weniweni wa chikalatacho.
Pomaliza, kumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita ku Chingerezi ndi mlatho wofunika kwambiri wolumikiza zikhalidwe ndi anthu. Ndi ntchito yomwe imafuna maphunziro osalekeza, kudzipereka, komanso chikondi pa zilankhulo zonse ziwiri. Pomwe dziko likupitiriza kukhala laling'ono chifukwa cha matekinoloje, ntchito ya omasulira aluso a Chichewa kupita ku Chingerezi idzapitirizabe kukhala yofunika kwambiri polimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi kumvetsetsana padziko lonse.