I roto i te ao tūhonohono o ēnei rā, ko te whakawhiti reo i waenga i ngā reo taketake e rua he tatau ki te māramatanga hohonu. Ahakoa he rerekē ngā kōrero tuku iho me ngā papa matawhenua o te reo Māori (ko tētahi o ngā reo Austronesian o Aotearoa) me te reo Shona (ko tētahi o ngā reo Bantu e kōrerotia ana i Zimbabwe, e kīia ana hoki ko te reo Hiona), he nui ngā hononga ahurea me ngā rerekētanga wetereo hei tātari mā te kaiwhakawhiti reo. Ko tēnei tuhinga roa e ruku ana ki te tukanga, ngā ara tinihanga, me ngā matapono matua mō te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Shona.
1. Te Hanganga Wetereo: Te Rerekētanga o te Takotoranga Rerenga
Ko te wetereo te tuara o te reo, ā, he rerekē te hanga o te reo Māori ki to te reo Shona. He reo VSO (Kupu Mahi - Tumu - Paenga) te reo Māori. Ina kiia te rerenga: "Kua hanga te kamura i te whare", ko te kupu mahi kei mua. Engari, he reo SVO (Tumu - Kupu Mahi - Paenga) te reo Shona, pēnei i te nuinga o ngā reo Bantu me te reo Ingarihi.
Hei tauira, i roto i te reo Shona, ka huri taua kōrero ki te: "Muvezi akavaka imba" (Tumu: muvezi / kamura; Kupu Mahi: akavaka / kua hanga; Paenga: imba / whare). Mā te kaiwhakawhiti reo e matua mohio ki tēnei huringa hanganga. Mena ka whakamahi te kaiwhakawhiti i te hanganga taketake o te reo Māori i roto i te reo Shona, ka kore e rangona te reo tūturu, ā, ka pōrangi te hunga pānui ki te raupapatanga o ngā whakaaro.
2. Ngā Pūmotu Māori me ngā Karaehe Kupu Ingoa Shona
Kei te ao Māori ngā pūmotu motuhake hei tohu i te pūtake o te kupu, pēnei i te "te", "ngā", "a", "o", "i", me te "ki". I te ao Shona, karekau he pūmotu pēnei. Engari, kei reira ngā pūnaha karaehe kupu ingoa (noun classes) e tekau mā waru. Ko ia kupu ingoa he mea whakarōpū ki raro i tētahi karaehe, ā, ka whakatauhia te ahua o te kupu mahi me te kupu āhua e ngā kuhunga (prefixes) e hāngai ana ki taua karaehe.
Anei tētahi tauira:
- I te reo Māori: te tangata pai me ngā tangata pai.
- I te reo Shona (Karaehe 1 mō te tangata kotahi, me te Karaehe 2 mō te tini): munhu akanaka (tangata pai) me vanhu vakanaka (ngā tangata pai). Ko te kuhunga mu- me te va- e whakahaere ana i te hononga wetereo puta noa i te rerenga.
3. Te Pānga o te Reo Hāngū (Passive Voice)
He mea tino nui te whakamahinga o te reo hāngū i roto i te reo Māori (ngā hiku pēnei i te -a, -ina, -hia, -ngia). He pēnā ano te reo Shona, e whakamahi ana i te toronga kupu mahi -wa, -iwa rānei hei whakaatu i te reo hāngū. Hei tauira, ko te rerenga Māori: "Kua kainga te kai e te manuhiri" ka riro i te reo Shona hei: "Chikafu chakadyiwa nemueni" (Kai: chikafu; kua kainga: chakadyiwa; e te manuhiri: nemueni). He tohu tēnei he ngāwari ake te whakawhiti i ēnei hanganga hāngū ina whakaritea ki te whakawhiti ki ētahi atu reo kāore i te tino whakamahi i te reo hāngū.
4. Te Whakawhiti Tikanga: Mai i te 'Whakapapa' ki te 'Dzinza'
Ko te wero nui rawa atu mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo ko te "transcreation" – ara, ko te whakawhiti i te wairua me te tikanga ahurea o ngā kupu, ehara i te kupu anake. He whenua haumako te ahurea Māori me te ahurea Shona mō ngā ariā hohonu:
- Whakapapa vs. Dzinza / Tateguru: I te reo Māori, he whakahirahira te whakapapa hei hono i te tangata ki te whenua, ki ngā tūpuna, ki te atua. I te reo Shona, ko te "dzinza" (te whakapapa a te hapū) me te hononga ki te "vadzimu" (ngā tūpuna kua riro ki te pō) ngā kaupapa e tata ana ki tēnei wairua.
- Mana vs. Ukama / Unhu: Ko te "mana" he mea ahurei ki te ao Māori. Engari, ka taea te whakamahi i te kupu "chiremerera" (te whakaute/te manaakitanga) me te "unhu" (te ahua rangatira o te tangata) hei kawe i tēnei whakaaro ki te hunga kōrero Shona.
- Tūrangawaewae vs. Kumusha: Ko te tūrangawaewae te kāinga tūturu o te wairua me te whakapapa. I te ao Shona, ko te "kumusha" (te kāinga tūpuna i te tuawhenua) te wāhi pōtihihi e hono ana i te tangata ki ōna whenua me ōna tūpuna.
5. Ngā Tohu Matua mō te Kaiwhakawhiti Reo
Hei whakatutuki i tētahi mahi whakawhiti reo whai mana, me whai i ēnei tikanga pānui:
- Ruku ki te Whakataukī (Tsumo me te Pepeha): Kaua e whakawhiti kupu ki te kupu. Rapua ngā "tsumo" (whakataukī Shona) e hāngai ana ki te wairua o te pepeha, te whakataukī Māori rānei e whakamahia ana. Hei tauira, he rite te whakaaro mō te mahi tahi i roto i te reo Māori me te reo Shona.
- Whakaute i te Reo Whakahonore (Honorifics): He reo tino whakahonore te reo Shona ki te hunga kaumātua me te hunga mana nui. Me tohu ēnei rerekētanga mā te whakamahi i ngā kupu tūpou maha pēnei i te "imi" me te "vamwe" hei whakaatu i te whakaute e rite ana ki te ao Māori.
- Whakarongo ki te Tooro (Tone): He reo oro-whakatangi te reo Shona. Ahakoa i te tuhinga kāore e kitea, me āta tohutohu te hunga pānui mō te whakahua tika o ngā kupu tikanga e kore ai e huri ke te tikanga o te kupu.
6. Ngā Rauemi ā-Ipurangi me te Mahi a te Tangata
I te mea kāore he papakupu tōtika i waenga i te reo Māori me te reo Shona, me whakamahi i te reo Ingarihi hei reo takawaenga. Engari kia tūpato, he maha ngā wā ka ngaro te wairua indigenous i te reo takawaenga. Ko te rongoā pai rawa atu ko te whakapā atu ki ngā mātanga reo me te mahi tahi i waenga i te tangata Māori me te tangata Shona. Ma tēnei mahi tahi e matua whakarite kia kaua e ngaro te 'muri' me te 'wairua' o ngā reo e rua.