Guhindura imyandiko hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igihindi ni umurimo usaba ubushishozi n'ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'imico yazo. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Ikibantu rukoreshwa cyane muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, by'umwihariko mu Rwanda, mu gihe Igihindi ari ururimi rw'Indo-Aziya rukoreshwa cyane mu Buhindi no mu bice bitandukanye by'isi. Izi ndimi zombi zifite imiterere itandukanye cyane haba mu kibonezamvugo, mu myubakire y'interuro, ndetse no mu buryo bw'imivugire. Umuhinduzi uhindura hagati y'izi ndimi zombi ahura n'ingingo z'ingenzi zikwiye kwitonderwa kugira ngo akore uyu umurimo neza kandi ku buryo bw'umwuga bukwiriye isoko ry'ubu.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Interuro (Word Order)
Kimwe mu bintu bya mbere bigoye umuhinduzi ni uburyo amagambo yubakwa mu nteruro bitewe n'amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha gahunda ya SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), aho interuro itangira ku Nyito (Subject), igakurikirwa n'Inshinga (Verb), ikarangizwa n'Icyakorewe (Object). Urugero: "Umugabo ari kubaka inzu." Hano "Umugabo" ni Subject, "ari kubaka" ni Verb, naho "inzu" ni Object.
Ku rundi ruhande, Igihindi gikoresha gahunda ya SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Bishatse kuvuga ko inshinga iza mu musozo w'interuro. Mu nteruro nk'iyi mu Gihindi, imiterere ihinduka nka: "Umugabo inzu ari kubaka" (Aadmi ghar bana raha hai). Umuhinduzi adashishoje neza ashobora kugwa mu mutegosezi wo guhindura ijambo ku rindi akurikije gahunda y'ururimi rw'inkomoko, bityo interuro ikaza itumvikana mu Gihindi cyangwa mu Kinyarwanda. Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi abanza kuryoshya interuro akurikije amategeko y'ururimi rw'intego aho guhonyora imiterere yayo.
Inteko z'Amazina n'Ibitsina by'Izina (Noun Classes vs. Grammatical Gender)
Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rukoresha inteko z'amazina (noun classes). Gikunze kugira inteko zirenga 16, aho amazina ashyirwa mu nteko bitewe n'uturemajambo tuyatangira (urugero: umu-, aba-, iki-, ibi-). Ibi bituma inshinga, ibinyazina-ngenera, ndetse n'ibyerekano bihuza n'izina mu nteko yaryo (concordial agreement).
Mu Gihindi ho nta nteko z'amazina nk'iz'Ikinyarwanda zibaho. Igihindi gikoresha ibitsina by'amazina (grammatical gender), aho izina ryose rigomba kuba iry'igabo (masculine) cyangwa iry'igore (feminine). Ibi bitsina bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo inshinga n'ibigingamvugo bihuzwa. Urugero, niba izina ari igabo, inshinga izasoza ku majwi nka "-a" (urugero: karta hai), naho niba ari igore, isoze ku majwi nka "-i" (urugero: karti hai). Iyo umuhinduzi ahindura Ikinyarwanda mu Gihindi, agomba kumenya neza igitsina cy'izina ahindura mu Gihindi kuko nta kimenyetso cy'ibitsina kiba kiri mu Kinyarwanda ku mazina atari ay'abantu cyangwa inyamaswa zigaragara ibitsina.
Inshinga n'Ibihe byazo (Verb Tenses and Aspect)
Imikoreshereze y'ibihe n'uburyo bw'inshinga (tense and aspect) muri izi ndimi zombi ifite icyo itandukaniyeho gikomeye. Ikinyarwanda kigira ibihe byinshi kandi bifite uturemajambo twabyo twihariye twerekana intera y'igihe (urugero: ibihe bya hafi, ibihe bya kure, ibihe by'ubushize, n'ibindi). Uburyo bw'inshinga kandi bushobora kwerekana niba ikintu cyarangiye cyangwa kikirimo gukorwa mu buryo bugaragara cyane (perfective vs. imperfective aspect).
Mu Gihindi, ibihe bikoreshwa bishingiye ahanini ku nshinga zifasha (auxiliary verbs) nk'inshinga "hona" (kuba). Uburyo bwo kwerekana ibihe bushyirwa mu byiciro bitatu by'ingenzi: iby'ubushize (Past), iby'ubu (Present), n'ibizaza (Future), ariko bikagira uburyo bw'inyongezo bwerekana uko igikorwa gihagaze (aspect). Umuhinduzi agomba kugira ubushishozi bwo kumva neza icyo umwanditsi w'Ikinyarwanda yashakaga kuvuga mu buryo bw'igihe, hanyuma agashaka inshinga y'ikinyagihindi n'inshinga yayo y'agaciro ihuje neza n'icyo gitekerezo, hitabwa kandi ku ntera iri hagati y'uvuga n'icyo avuga.
Icyubahiro n'Imikoreshereze y'Imvugo (Honorifics and Social Context)
Mu mico yombi, haba mu Rwanda ndetse no mu Buhindi, icyubahiro ni inkingi ya mwamba mu mubano n'itumanaho rya buri munsi. Mu Kinyarwanda, icyubahiro cyerekanirwa mu buryo bwo gukoresha ijambo "mwe" cyangwa gukoresha inshinga mu bwinshi (Plural for politeness) mu gihe ubwira umuntu mukuru, uwo mutamenyeranye cyangwa uwo wubaha cyane. Bitandukanye n'imvugo isanzwe ikoresha "wowe" cyangwa inshinga mu buke.
Mu Gihindi, uburyo bw'icyubahiro burambuye kandi bufite amategeko akomeye cyane. Hari ibinyazina-ngenera bitatu byo kwerekana uwo ubwira: "tu" (imvugo isanzwe cyane, ikoreshwa ku nshuti za hafi cyangwa abana), "tum" (imvugo yo mu rwego rwo hagati), ndetse na "aap" (imvugo y'icyubahiro cyo hejuru). Inshinga zose zikoreshwa zihindura isura bitewe n'icyo cyiciro cy'icyubahiro gikoreshejwe. Umuhinduzi agomba gusobanukirwa neza umubano uri hagati y'abavugana mu mwandiko w'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo ahitemo niba azakoresha "aap" cyangwa "tum" mu Gihindi. Gukoresha nabi ibi byiciro bishobora gutuma umwandiko ugaragara nka nyandagazi cyangwa utarimo icyubahiro gikwiye ku bawusoma.
Guhindura Ibiranga Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo (Idioms and Cultural Transcreation)
Ururimi rugizwe n'umuco, kandi Ikinyarwanda gikungahaye ku mvugo z'ikigereranyo, imigani, n'imvugo z'akarande zishingiye ku muco w'ubworozi n'ubuhinzi. Urugero, imvugo nk'iyi: "gukura amazi ku kanyarofani" cyangwa "umutima uteye nk'inyana" ntabwo zishobora guhindurwa nk'uko amagambo ateye mu Gihindi (literal translation), kuko byaba bitagize icyo bisobanura ku musomyi w'Umuhindi udasangiye umuco n'Abanyarwanda.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ururimi rw'Igihindi narwo rufite imvugo zaryo zishingiye ku muco w'Abahindi, idini ry'Abahindu, ndetse n'imigenzo yaho. Umuhinduzi mwiza agomba gukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura bushingiye ku ngano y'igitekerezo (transcreation/localization) aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi. Aho guhindura ngo "gutwara inyana", ahubwo agomba gushaka imvugo ihuje n'icyo gitekerezo mu Gihindi yerekana ibyishimo cyangwa gutuza. Ibi bisaba ubushakashatsi n'ugusobanukirwa kwimbitse n'ubuzima bwa buri munsi bw'abavuga izi ndimi zombi.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Muhinduzi w'Ikinyarwanda n'Igihindi
Kugira ngo ugera ku buhinduzi bwiza kandi butangirika, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza mu gihe ukora uyu murimo:
- Soma umwandiko wose mbere yo guhindura: Ibi bigufasha kumva icyo umwanditsi agamije, imyifatire y'abantu bavugwa mu mwandiko, ndetse n'injyana y'umwandiko muri rusange mbere yo gutangira kwandika.
- Aho guhindura ijambo, hindura igitekerezo: Buri gihe wibaza uti: "Uyu muntu iyo aza kuba avuga mu Gihindi, aya magambo yari kuyavuga ate?" Ibi bikurinda ubuhinduzi bukonje butumvikana neza.
- Koresha icyongereza nk'ikiraro (bridge language) witonze: Kuko nta nkoranyamagambo nini izwi ihuza Ikinyarwanda n'Igihindi byaziguye, umuhinduzi ashobora gukoresha icyongereza, ariko akaba yiteguye gukosora amakosa y'imbata y'interuro ashobora guturuka ku Cyongereza.
- Koresha ikoranabuhanga n'ubwenge bw'igikorano: Gukoresha ibikoresho by'ubuhinduzi by'ikoranabuhanga (CAT Tools) bifasha mu kugumya imvugo zimwe zikoreshwa (translation memory), ariko ugomba kwitonda kuko izo porogaramu zikunze gukora amakosa iyo zihindura izi ndimi ebyiri zifite imiterere itandukanye cyane.
- Soma umwandiko uhinduye ugasubiramo: Nyuma yo kurangiza umurimo w'ubuhinduzi, bihe umwanya ubanze uruhuke, hanyuma ugaruke usome umwandiko w'Igihindi gusa utareba uwo mu Kinyarwanda. Ibi bigufasha kureba niba umwandiko usomeka neza kandi ku buryo bw'umwimerere ku muntu w'Umuhindi.