Kushandurwa kwemashoko kubva pane mumwe mutauro kuenda kune mumwe hakusi kungoisa mashoko akafanana panzvimbo imwe chete. Kana tichitaura nezvekushandura mutauro wechiShona, unova mutauro mukuru wemhuri yeBantu unotaurwa muZimbabwe, uchienda kuchiHindi, unova mumwe wemitauro yakanyanya kutaurwa munyika yeIndia nemumatunhu akapoteredza muAsia, pane zvinhu zvizhinji zvakaomarara zvinoda kucherechedzwa. Mitauro iyi miviri ine midzi yakasiyana zvachose; apo chiShona chiri mutauro weBantu une chimiro cheagglutinative, chiHindi chiri mutauro weIndo-Aryan une zvivakiso nemaitiro akasiyana chose. Nhungamiro iyi inotsanangura zvakadzama matambudziko akasiyana-siyana, zviratidzo zvetsika, uye mazano anoshanda ekuti shanduro yako ibude iri yechokwadi, inonzwisisika uye inoremekedza tsika dzevaverengi vese.
Musiyano Wezvivakiso zveMutauro: SVO Kupesana neSOV
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru zvinopesanisa chiShona nechiHindi ndiko kurongeka kwemashoko mumutsara (word order). ChiShona chinoshandisa kurongeka kwezvivakiso kunozivikanwa nekuti Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Semuyenzaniso, mumutsara unoti: "Mwana anoda mukaka", "Mwana" ndiye Subject (Muiti), "anoda" ndicho Verb (Chiito), uye "mukaka" ndiyo Object (Muitirwa). Zvisinei, mutauro wechiHindi unoshandisa kurongeka kunozivikanwa nekuti Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Mukushandura mutsara uyu muchiHindi, unova "बच्चा दूध पसंद करता है" (Baccha doodh pasand karta hai), umo "Baccha" (Mwana) ari pakutanga, kuchitevera "doodh" (Mukaka) seObject, uye chiito "pasand karta hai" (anoda) chiri kumagumo kwemutsara.
Kutsauka uku kunoda kuti mushanduri ashandure mafungiro ake panguva yekunyora. Kana mushanduri akakopa chimiro chemutsara wechiShona zvakananga achiisa muchiHindi, shanduro yacho inenge isinganzwisisike zvachose uye inoratidza kushomeka kwehunyanzvi. Vashanduri vanofanira kudzidzira kuputsa mutsara wechiShona uye kuuvaka patsva zvakarongeka zvichienderana nemitemo yechiHindi.
Zvikwata zveMazita (Noun Classes) Kupesana neMishando yeChikadzi neChirume (Grammatical Gender)
Mutauro wechiShona unozivikanwa nekuve nezvikwata zvemazita zvakawanda (noun classes), izvo zvinozivikanwa nemitauro yeBantu. Zvikwata izvi zvinotsanangura kuti mazita ndeemhuri ipi, ingave yevanhu (semumu class 1), zvinhu zvakatenderedza, miti, kana mhuka. Zvikwata izvi zvine zvivakiso zvakabatana (concordial agreement) izvo zvinodzora zvisarudzo zvevamiriri vemazita (pronouns) nemadudziramazita (adjectives). Kune rumwe rutivi, mutauro wechiHindi hauna zvikwata zvemazita zvakadai asi une chimiro chegrammatical gender chakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri chete: chirume (masculine) nechikadzi (feminine).
MuchiHindi, zvese zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvine mukadzi nemurume wazvo. Semuyenzaniso, tafura (table) muchiHindi inonzi "मेज़" (mez) uye inoonekwa seyechikadzi, apo bhuku (book) rinoti "किताब" (kitaab) riri rechikadziwo, asi penzura kana peni zvichionekwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nekupedzisira kwemashoko. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chiito nemadudziramazita mumutsara wechiHindi zvinoshanduka zvichienderana nekuti zita rinoshandiswa nderechirume kana rechikadzi. Mushanduri anobva kuChishona anofanira kunzwisisa mitemo iyi zvakazara kudzivirira kukanganisa kwekufananidza chiito nezita zvisina kufanira.
Chikumbanidzo cheMashoko (Agglutination) neZvikurungidzo zveShure (Postpositions)
ChiShona mutauro une chimiro cheagglutinative, zvinoreva kuti madzitsi emazita kana zviito anogona kusanganiswa nezvimwe zvikamu zvemashoko (prefixes, infixes, ne suffixes) kuti zvipe zvinoreva zvakasiyana-siyana mumhaka imwe chete. Semuyenzaniso, izwi rekuti "ndichakubatsira" rine zvikamu zvinoti: "ndi-" (ini - subject marker), "-cha-" (ramangwana - future tense), "-ku-" (iwe - object marker), uye "-batsira" (mudzi wechiito - verb root). Shoko rimwe chete iri rine ruzivorwese rwunoda mutsara wakazara mune mimwe mitauro.
Kune rumwe rutivi, chiHindi chinoshandisa postpositions panzvimbo yeprepositions inowanikwa mumitauro yeEurope, kana zvikamu zvinonamirwa mumitauro yeBantu. Postpositions imashoko anotsigira anouya shure kwezita. Semuyenzaniso, mutsara unoti "mumba" muchiShona (une chivakiso chemba "mu-") muchiHindi unonyorwa nekuti "घर में" (ghar mein), umo "ghar" iri imba uye "mein" iri postposition inoreva "mukati". Vashanduri vanofanira kungwarira zvikuru pakubatanidza zvikamu izvi kuitira kuti zvinoreva chaizvo zvisarasika pakati peshanduro mbiri idzi.
Mabhii eDevanagari NeLatin: Kupesana Kwemanyorerwo
Nepo mutauro wechiShona uchishandisa mabhii eLatin (Roman alphabet) ayo akaunzwa nenhume dzechitendero nevadzvanyiriri, mutauro wechiHindi unoshandisa manyorerwo emabhii anozivikanwa nekuti Devanagari. Mabhii eDevanagari ndeemhando inodaidzwa kuti abugida, umo mabhii ega-ega echikonzonendi ane ruzha rwevhavha yakavanzika ("a"), kunze kwekunge kuratidzwa nechimwe chiratidzo (diacritic) kuti pane imwe vhavha kana kuti hapana vhavha zvachose.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kune mushanduri anoshandura kubva kuChishona kuenda kuchiHindi, kunyora mazita evanhu, nzvimbo, kana tsika dzekuZimbabwe (transliteration) muDevanagari zvinoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemataurirwo emashoko (phonetics). Semuyenzaniso, zita rekuti "Chipo" rinofanira kunyorwa richishandisa mabhii eDevanagari anoenderana neruzha rwekuti "Ch" ne "p", anoti "चिपो". Kana mushanduri akasaenzanisa manzwi aya zvakanaka, zita racho rinogona kuveregwa zvisizvo nevanhu vanotaura chiHindi.
Kutsinhaniswa kweTsika: Tsumo nemadimikira
Tsika dzevanhu vanotaura chiShona nevaHindi dzakasiyana zvikuru, uye izvi zvinoonekwa pachena mumadimikira netsumo (idioms and proverbs). ChiShona chine tsumo dzakawanda dzakavakirwa pazvinhu zvinowanikwa muAfrica, sezvipfuyo, mhuka dzesango, uye kurima. Semuyenzaniso, tsumo yekuti: "Mwana asingachemi anofira mumbereko" haigone kushandurwa zvakananga muchiHindi nekuti inenge isinganzwisisike nenzira imwe chete. Mu Hindi, mune tsumo inoda kufanana inoti "बिना रोए तो माँ भी दूध नहीं देती" (Bina roye toh maa bhi doodh nahi deti), izvo zvinoreva kuti "kana usina kuchema, kunyange amai havakupe mukaka".
Mushanduri ane hunyanzvi anofanira kudzivisa shanduro yemazwi nemazwi (literal translation) panosanganikwa netsumo nemadimikira. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanofanira kutsvaga tsumo inoenderana neiyo inoshandiswa mumutauro unogamuchira (target language) inotakura mweya weshoko rimwe chete. Izvi zvinoda kuti mushanduri ave munhu anoziva tsika dzevaShona netsika dzevanhu vekuIndia zvakadzama.
Mazano Akakosha Kune Vakashanduri vechiShona nechiHindi
Kuti ukwanise kuita basa rinoshamisa rekushandura pakati pemitauro iyi miviri, tevedzera mazano anotevera:
- Nzwisisa Shoko muChirevo Chayo (Context): Usamhanyire kushandura shoko rega-ega. Verenga ndima yese kuti unzwisise chinangwa nemanzwiro emunyori wepakutanga.
- Ramba Uchiedza Zvitsva Mumitauro Miviri: Mitauro inoshanduka zuva nezuva. Ramba uchiverenga mabhuku, mapepanhau, uye kuteerera nhepfenyuro dzemitauro miviri iyi kuitira kuti uzive mashoko matsva anoshandiswa.
- Shandisa Zvigadzirwa zveTekinoroji Zvakakodzera: Zvirongwa zvakaita semaduramazwi epamhepo anovimbika zvinogona kubatsira, asi usavimbe zvakanyanya nekamuchina kwekushandura (machine translation) nekuti kashoma kunzwisisa nuances yetsika nemutauro.
- Dzivirira Kududzira Kwezwi neZwi: Garisa uchifunga kuti mutsara mumwe nemumwe unofanira kuve nechimiro chinonzwika sechakanyorwa nemukurukuri wemutauro wechiHindi wepakutanga.
Mhedziso Pamusoro Pekudyidzana kweMitauro
Mukupedzisa, kunyange zvazvo kushandura kubva kuChishona kuenda kuchiHindi kuine zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda nekuda kwokusiyana kwezvivakiso, mabhii, uye tsika, inzira yakakosha zvikuru yekubatanidza vanhu vematunhu akasiyana. Nekushandusa zano rekugadzirisa zvivakiso (syntactic restructuring), kunzwisisa kurongeka kwemutauro (morphological mapping), uye kutsanangura tsika (cultural transcreation), vashanduri vanogona kuburitsa shanduro dzinoyevedza dzinovaka zambuko rine simba pakati penyika yeZimbabwe neIndia.