Kushandurwa kwemashoko kubva mumutauro weChishona kuenda mumutauro wechiSlovak inzira yakaoma zvikuru inoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvivakwa zvemitauro yese miviri pamwe chete netsika dzevanhu vanotaura mitauro iyi. ChiShona, unova mutauro mukuru unotaurwa munyika yeZimbabwe nemamwe matunhu akapoteredza muAfrica yezasi, chiri muboka remitauro yeBantu. Kune rimwe divi, chiSlovak (Slovenčina) mutauro wechiSlavic unotaurwa zvikuru munyika yeSlovakia iri muEurope yePakati. Mitauro iyi miviri yakasiyana zvachose kubva pamidzi yayo, zvigadziriso zvayo zvegiramufomu, pamwe chete netsika dzinopa vanhu nzira dzekufunga nadzo. Kuti mushanduri akwanise kuburitsa basa rine hunyanzvi uye rinonzwisisika, anofanira kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana zvelinguistic nezvetsika zvatinotsanangura mugwaro rino rakadzama.
Musiyano weZvivakwa zveMitauro: Mipanda yeMazita muChishona neMakesi muchiSlovak
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanya kuoma pakushandura kubva muChishona kuenda muchiSlovak chine chekuita nemagadzirirwo emazita nezvisanganiswa zvawo mumutsara. ChiShona chinoshandisa chivakwa chinonzi mipanda yemazita (noun classes). Pane mipanda inodarika gumi nemanhatu muChishona, uye mupanda wega wega une zvivakashure (prefixes) zvinodzora kuwirirana kwezviito, zvipikiri, nezvisarudzo mumutsara (concordial agreement). Somuenzaniso, mupanda 1 wevanhu (mu-) unoda kuwirirana kwakasiyana nemupanda 5 wezvinhu (ri-).
Kune rumwe rutivi, mutauro wechiSlovak hauna mipanda yemazita yakadaro, asi unoshandisa chinonzi "makesi" (cases/skloňovanie). ChiSlovak chine makesi matanhatu anoshandiswa mumazuva ose (Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Locative, uye Instrumental). Makesi aya anoratidza basa rinoitwa nezita mumutsara kuburikidza nekushandura magumo eshoko (suffixes). Kune mushanduri weChishona, izvi zvinoreva kuti haafaniri kungotsvaga izwi riri muduramazwi chete, asi anofanira kuziva kuti izwi iroro riri kuita basa rei mumutsara wechiSlovak kuitira kuti aise chivhure chakakodzera kumagumo. Kana zvikakanganisika, mutsara wose unorasikirwa nekuwirirana kwehutsanana hwegiramufomu yechiSlovak.
Bongzo muGiramufomu: Kutsanangura Mikono, Mikadzi, neIzvo Zvisina Kwazvakarerekera
Imwe yenhaurirano dzinonetsa pakushandura ndeye "bongzo remutauro" (grammatical gender). Mutauro weChishona hauna bongzo remutauro pane zvisarudzo kana zvisanganiswa zvemitsara. Kana tichishandisa miriri yakadai sekuti "iye", inomirira murume, mukadzi, kana mhuka pasina musiyano pazvinhu zvakanyorwa. Izvi zvakasiyana zvachose nemutauro wechiSlovak, unova mutauro wakakamurwa kuva nezvikamu zvitatu zvemashoko zvichienderana nebongzo: chirume (masculine), chikadzi (feminine), uye asina kwakarerekera (neuter).
Mushanduri paanenge achitanga kushandura mutsara unobva muChishona une munhu anonzi "iye", anofanira kunyatsonzvera chinyorwa chake kuti aone kuti munhu ari kutaurwa nezvake murume kana mukadzi. Kana akasaita izvi, anogona kushandisa chirume pane chikadzi muchiSlovak, izvo zvinokanganisa zvachose shanduro yacho. Zvakare, muSlovak, kunyange zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvine bongzo rakazvipira. Somuenzaniso, tafura (stôl) ndeyechirume, bhuku (kniha) nderechikadzi, uye hwindo (okno) harina kwakarerekera. Kudzidza nekuziva bongzo rezita rega rega muchiSlovak chinhu chakakosha zvikuru kuitira kuti zvipikiri nezviito zviwirirane nemazvo.
Nguva dzeZviito neChitarisiko Chazvo (Verb Tenses and Aspects)
Zviito zveChishona zvakapfuma zvikuru mune zvazvinogona kuratidza kuburikidza nezviratidzo zvenguva (tense markers) uye zvirevo (extensions). Vashanduri vanofanira kungwarira nzira iyo nguva nezviito zvinotariswa munyika yeSlovakia. Zviito zvechiSlovak zvine zvikamu zviviri zvikuru zvinonzi "aspects" (chitarisiko chechiito - vid):
- Imperfective aspect (nedokonavý vid): Inoratidza chiito chiri kuitika panguva inotaurwa, kana chiito chinoitwa kazhinji, asi chisina kupera kana kusazivikanwa magumo acho.
- Perfective aspect (dokonavý vid): Inoratidza chiito chakapedzwa zvachose, chine mugumisiro unooneka, kana kuti kinoitika kamwe chete zvakazara.
Paunenge uchishandura kubva muChishona, zviito zvakaita sekuti "ari kunyora" (chiri kuitika) zvinofanira kushandurwa zvakasiyana nekuti "akanyora" (chakapera). MuchiSlovak, izvi zvinogona kureva kushandisa zviito zvakasiyana zvachose kunyange zvazvo pfungwa yacho iri imwe chete (somuenzaniso: "písať" vs "napísať"). Mushanduri anofanira kukwanisa kuona mweya nemamiriro echiito muChishona kuitira kuti asarudze chivakwa chechiito chakanyatsorurama muchiSlovak.
Kushandiswa kweMabhii neMataurirwo echiSlovak (Diacritics and Spelling Accuracy)
Mutauro weChishona unonyorwa uchishandisa mabhii eLatin asina zviratidzo zvemashoko zvakawanda kunze kwekuwirirana kwebatanidzo yemabhii (digraphs se /ch/, /sh/, /sv/, /zv/). Kune rumwe rutivi, chiSlovak chinozivikanwa nekuva nemazita nemabhii ane zviratidzo zvakawanda pamusoro (diacritic marks), akadai se dĺžeň (chiratidzo chekurebesa inzwi: á, é, í, ó, ú, ý), mäkčeň (chiratidzo chekupfava kweinzwi: č, ď, ľ, ň, š, ť, ž), vokáň (ô), ne dve bodky (ä). Zviratidzo izvi hazvisi zvekungoshongedza mutauro chete; zvinosarudza zvinoreva shoko zvachose.
Mushanduri weChishona anofanira kungwarira zvikuru paanenge achinyora chinyorwa chechiSlovak. Kusipo kwechiratidzo chimwe chete kunogona kushandura shoko kuva chimwe chinhu chakasiyana kana kuita kuti chinyorwa chionekwe chisina kurongeka. Semuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "byt" rinoreva furati yekugara, asi "byť" rine chiratidzo chekupfava rinoreva kuva (to be). Kurasika pane izvi kunoderedza kuvimbika kweanoshandura uye kunokonzera kuvhiringidzika kukuru kumuverengi weSlovak.
Kugadzirisa Musiyano weTsika neZvirungamutauro (Cultural Transcreation and Equivalents)
Kushandura hakusi kungotsinhanisa mashoko chete; ndiko kutamisa tsika. ChiShona mutauro uzere nemagariro eChivanhu chemuAfrica, tsumo, nemadimikira zvinotsanangura huchenjeri hwevanhu munharaunda yavo. ChiSlovak nacho chine tsumo dzacho dzakanyatsoomerera munhoroondo yeEurope yePakati netsika dzechiKristu dzekumaruwa. Kana mushanduri akaedza kushandura tsumo yeChishona shoko neshoko (literal translation) achiisa muchiSlovak, mhedzisiro yacho inogona kuva mutsara usina musoro zvachose kuSlovakia.
Nzira yakanaka ndeyekushandisa "cultural transcreation" kana kutsvaga tsumo inopa pfungwa yakafanana muSlovak. Semuenzaniso, tsumo yeChishona inoti: "Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda" inotaura nezvekubatana. MuchiSlovak, kune tsumo yakafanana inoti: "Viac hláv, viac rozumu" (Msoro mizhinji, njere dzinowanda) kana kuti pfungwa dzekushanda pamwe chete. Kana pasina tsumo yakadaro, mushanduri anofanira kutsanangura zvinoreva tsumo yacho zvakanaka pane kuedza kushandura zvinhu zvakaita se "inda" kana "chara" izvo zvinogona kuunza kusanzwisisika. Saizvozvowo, mazwi anoenderana nemagariro echiShona akaita sekuti "roora" anoda kutsanangurwa pane kungoshandisa shoko rechirungu kana rechiSlovak risina kududzirwa kwakakwana kwechivanhu chacho.
Mazano eHunyanzvi Kune Vashanduri veChishona neSlovak
Kuti uve mushanduri anobudirira pane izvi, zvakakosha kutevera mazano anotevera kuitira kuchengetedza mhando yepamusoro yeshanduro yako:
- Vaka Dhairekitori reMutauro (Glossary Creation): Gadzira runyoro rwemazwi anowanzo shandiswa mumabhizimisi, tekinoroji, kana mutemo ane dudziro dzakatenderwa kuitira kudzivirira kusawirirana.
- Nzwisisa Mamiriro eChinyorwa (Context Analysis): Usamhanyire kushandura mutsara usati waverenga ndima yose kuti unzwisise bongzo rezita riri kushandiswa, nguva yechiito, nevanhu vanobatanidzwa.
- Shandisa Maturusi Anobatsira (Translation Technology): Kunyange zvazvo pasina mashoko akawanda kwazvo algorithms emitauro iyi, kushandisa Translation Memories (TM) kunobatsira zvikuru kuchengetedza mazwi amakamboshandisa kare.
- Kuverengwa neVakazvarwa muMutauro (Native Review): Gara uine nyanzvi yemuSlovakia inodzokorora kuverenga chinyorwa chako chechiSlovak kuti uone kuti chinoyerera nenzira yechisikigo uye hachina kukanganisa kwemabhii anoda zviratidzo.
Kutevera nzira idzi kunoita kuti shanduro dzeChishona nechiSlovak dzive dzakarurama, dzinonzwisisika, uye dzine hunyanzvi hunoita kuti vaverengi vemitauro yese miviri vanzwe vakasununguka pakugamuchira mashoko anenge achipfuudzwa.