Guhindura inyandiko n'imvugo kuva mu Kinyarwanda (ururimi rw'Ikibantu rukoreshwa muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba) bujya mu Giturukimeni (ururimi rw'Ikituruki rukoreshwa muri Aziya yo Hagati) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'imiterere y'indimi zombi, imico yazo, ndetse n'amategeko agenga ikibonezamvugo. Kubera ko izi ndimi zituruka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye cyane, abahinduzi bahura n'inzitane zikomeye mu guhuza imyandikire, imyubakire y'interuro, ndetse n'isemanura ry'amagambo akomoka ku muco. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse uburyo bwo gukemura ibyo bibazo, amategeko y'ingenzi y'ikibonezamvugo, n'inama z'inzobere zafasha gutanga umusaruro w'indashyikirwa.
Itandukaniro ry'Imyubakire y'Interuro: SVO na SOV
Imwe mu nkoramyi zikomeye mu guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Giturukimeni ni imyubakire y'interuro. Mu Kinyarwanda, hakoreshwa gahunda y'imyubakire ya SVO (Subject - Verb - Object), aho umukora ubanziriza inshinga, hanyuma hagacurera icyakorewe igikorwa. Naho mu Giturukimeni, imyandikire y'interuro ishingiye kuri gahunda ya SOV (Subject - Object - Verb). Ibi bishaka kuvuga ko inshinga ihora ihagarara ku musozo w'interuro.
Mu Kinyarwanda twavuga tuti: "Umwigisha asoma igitabo." (Umwigisha = Umukora, asoma = inshinga, igitabo = icyakorewe igikorwa). Muri iyi nteruro, gahunda ni SVO. Mu Giturukimeni, iyi nteruro ihinduka: "Mugallym kitap okaýar." Aho "Mugallym" ari umwigisha (Subject), "kitap" ari igitabo (Object), naho "okaýar" ikaba inshinga "asoma" (Verb). Umuhinduzi agomba guhora ahindura iyi myubakire mu mutwe we kugira ngo inyandiko isohoke mu Giturukimeni yumvikane nk'iyanditswe n'umwenyegihugu, bitari ukugura amagambo mu buryo butaziguye buri jambo ukwaryo.
Ibyiciro by'Amagambo n'Uturemajambo (Agglutination)
Uburyo indimi zombi zubaka amagambo buratandukanye nubwo zose zikoresha uturemajambo twomekwa ku mizi y'amagambo (agglutinative languages). Mu Kinyarwanda, ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes) bifite uruhare runini. Izina ryose rigira inteko yaryo (nk'inteko ya 1, iya 2, n'izindi), kandi iyi nteko igena uburyo inshinga, ibinyazina, n'ibihebyabyo bihuza na ryo binyuze mu birango by'inteko (agreement prefixes).
Mu Giturukimeni, nta byiciro by'amazina (noun classes) cyangwa ibyiciro by'igitsina (grammatical gender) biharangwa. Aho gukoresha ibirango bibanziriza inshinga cyangwa izina (prefixes), Igiturukimeni gikoresha gusa uturemajambo twomekwa inyuma y'izina cyangwa inshinga (suffixes). Amazina mu Giturukimeni ahindurwa hashingiwe ku bihe, utwatuzi, ndetse n'amakesi atandukanye (noun cases) agera kuri atandatu:
- Nominative (Baş düşüm): Izina riri mu buryo busanzwe (urugero: mekdep - ishuri).
- Genitive (Eelik düşüm): Ryerekana nyir'ikintu (urugero: mekdebiň - icy'ishuri).
- Dative (Yöneliş düşüm): Ryerekana icyerekezo cyangwa uwo baha (urugero: mekdebe - ku shuri / bujya ku shuri).
- Accusative (Ýeňiş düşüm): Ryerekana icyakorewe igikorwa mu buryo butaziguye (urugero: mekdebi - ishuri nk'intego).
- Locative (Wagt-orun düşüm): Ryerekana aho ikintu giherereye (urugero: mekdepde - ku shuri / mu shuri).
- Ablative (Çykyş düşüm): Ryerekana aho ikintu giturutse (urugero: mekdepden - guturuka ku shuri).
Umuhinduzi avuga mu Kinyarwanda akoresheje amagambo y'umubano (prepositions), ariko mu Giturukimeni akagomba guhitamo umugereka w'inyuma (suffix) ukwiye uhuye n'imikoreshereze y'iryo zina mu nteruro.
Ihuzamajwi (Vowel Harmony) mu Giturukimeni
Rimwe mu mategeko akomeye agenga Igiturukimeni kandi ataboneka mu Kinyarwanda ni amategeko y'ihuzamajwi (vowel harmony). Iri tegeko risaba ko inyajwi zose ziri mu jambo rimwe ndetse n'imigereka yaryo igomba kuba inyajwi zo mu cyiciro kimwe: inyajwi z'imbere (front vowels: e, ä, i, ö, ü) cyangwa inyajwi z'inyuma (back vowels: a, o, u, y). Iyo umuhinduzi yomeka umugereka ku jambo, agomba kureba inyajwi ya nyuma y'iryo jambo kugira ngo ahitemo niba umugereka urangirira muri "a" cyangwa "e", "y" cyangwa "i". Urugero, niba ushaka kuvuga "mu nzu", inzu mu Giturukimeni ni "öý" (ikoresha inyajwi y'imbere "ö"). Bityo, umugereka w'aho ikintu giherereye (Locative) uzaba "-de" aho kuba "-da". Ibi bitanga "öýde". Niba ari "mu mugi" (mugi ni "şäher"), biba "şäherde". Naho ku jambo rikoresha inyajwi y'inyuma nka "kitap" (igitabo), biba "kitapda".
Ibibazo by'Isemanura ry'Imico n'Amagambo ya Gihake
Ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda rurimo amagambo menshi cyane afite isano ya bugufi n'umuco w'u Rwanda, imyizerere, n'amateka (urugero: gukwa, umuganda, imihango yo kwita izina, n'ibindi). Ku rundi ruhande, Igiturukimeni na cyo gifite amagambo yihariye afitanye isano n'umuco w'abaturage ba Aziya yo Hagati, imyizerere y'Abasiramu, ndetse n'umuco w'ubworozi n'ubugeni bw'amatapeti (urugero: alym, haly, n'ibindi). Iyo uhindura hagati y'izi ndimi zombi, guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) ntibishoboka ku magambo nk'aya.
Muri iki kibazo, umuhinduzi agomba gukoresha uburyo bwo gusobanura umwimerere w'igitekerezo (transcreation cyangwa descriptive translation). Aho guhindura ijambo "umuganda" nk'irivuga gukora, rigomba gusobanurwa nk'igikorwa cy'abaturage bishyize hamwe mu rwego rwo kwiyubakira igihugu. Mu Giturukimeni, hashobora gukoreshwa ijambo "ýomaý" cyangwa hagatangwa ubusobanuro burambuye bufasha umusomyi w'Umuturukimeni kumva icyo gikorwa icyo ari cyo.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiturukimeni
Kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduwe ibe inyakuri kandi isomeke neza, abahinduzi gagomba gukurikiza izi nama z'ingenzi zikurikira:
- Gukoresha indimi z'abahuza (Pivot Languages): Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo iziguye y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiturukimeni ihari, abahinduzi bakoresha Icyongereza, Ikirusiya, cyangwa Igituruki nka cyo cyambu gifasha mu gusobanura amagambo akomeye. Gusa, umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kugira ngo ibisobanuro by'umwimerere bitazamo amakosa mu gihe binyuze mu ndimi ebyiri zitandukanye.
- Kwitondera inyandiko n'inyajwi zihariye z'Igiturukimeni: Ururimi rw'Igiturukimeni rwandikwa mu nyuguti z'ikilatini zizwi, ariko rugira inyuguti zihariye nka ä, ž, ý, ş, ç, ö, ü, ň. Buri nyuguti ifite amajwi yihariye agomba kwitonderwa cyane kugira ngo bidahindura ibisobanuro by'ijambo.
- Gusoma ibyandikwa mu ndimi zombi buri munsi: Umuhinduzi mwiza agomba gukomeza kongera ubumenyi bwe bw'indimi zombi binyuze mu gusoma ibitabo, ibinyamakuru, n'inyandiko z'ubuvanganzo kugira ngo amenye imikoreshereze igezweho y'amagambo n'imvugo z'ikinyamupfura.
- Kugenzura inyandiko binyuze mu basomyi b'ururimi rw'amavuko (Native Speakers): Nyuma yo guhindura inyandiko, ni ngombwa ko inyandiko y'Igiturukimeni isuzumwa n'umuntu uvuga Igiturukimeni nko ku bwarwo (native Turkmen speaker) kugira ngo harebwe niba imyandikire n'imivugirere bihuye neza n'umuco n'ikibonezamvugo cy'igihugu cyabo.
Muri rusange, guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Giturukimeni bisaba kwihangana, ubushakashatsi bufite intego, ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo guhuza imyandikire y'indimi zombi bitabangamiye ubutumwa bwanditse. Gukurikiza amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo n'inama z'inzobere zivugwa muri iyi nyandiko ni byo bizafasha gutanga inyandiko z'ubuziranenge zishobora gukoreshwa mu nzego zose z'ubuzima nka politiki, ubucuruzi, n'uburezi.