Ukuguqulelwa kweelwimi phakathi kweentsapho zeelwimi ezahlukeneyo kuhlala kungumceli mngeni omkhulu, kodwa kukwasebenza njengebhulorho edibanisa iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Phakathi kolu nxibelelwano, ukuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa (isiXhosa) uya kwisiTurkmen (isiTurkmen) yinkqubo efuna ulwazi olunzulu lwegrama, isakhiwo sentetho, kunye nembali yenkcubeko yazo zombini ezi lwimi. IsiXhosa, esikwalulwimi lwesiBantu oluthethwa eMzantsi Afrika, sineempawu ezikhethekileyo ezifana nezimamva kunye nezimaphambili kunye nezivumelwano zezaci. Kwelinye icala, isiTurkmen, esilulwimi lwesiTurkic esithethwa eCentral Asia (eTurkmenistan), sisebenzisa isakhiwo se-SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) kunye nenkqubo enzulu yezimamva ezilandelelanayo (agglutination). Esi sikhokelo siza kutyhila iinkalo ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka umguquleli azazi ukuze afikelele kuguqulelo oluchanekileyo nolusebenzayo.
Ekubeni ezi lwimi zombini zivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yeenkqubo zentetho—isiXhosa sivela kusapho lweelwimi zeNiger-Congo, kwaye isiTurkmen sivela kusapho lweelwimi zeTurkic—akukho mathuba amaninzi okufumana amagama afanayo ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwalawo ekhondo lesayensi okanye ezobuchwepheshe afunyenwe kwiilwimi zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngoko ke, umguquleli kufuneka abhale umbhalo omtsha ongaphulukaniyo nentsingiselo yasekuqaleni, kodwa ube unendlela efanelekileyo yokuvisisana nolwimi ekuguqulelwa kulo.
Uhla Lwegrama Nokusetyenziswa Kwezivumelwano
Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiTurkmen ulele kwindlela amagama nezivakalisi ezakhiwa ngayo. Ukuyiqonda kakuhle le miba yeyona nto ivula indlela yokuguqulela ngempumelelo:
- Isakhiwo seZivakalisi (Word Order): IsiXhosa sisebenzisa isakhiwo se-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Umzekelo: "Umfana ubala iincwadi" (Subject: Umfana, Verb: ubala, Object: iincwadi). KwisiTurkmen, isakhiwo sentetho sitshintsha sibe ngu-SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Kwisivakalisi esingasentla, isenzi siza kugqibela ngasemva: "Ýigit kitaplary okaýar" (Ýigit: Umfana, kitaplary: iincwadi, okaýar: ubala/ufunda). Le nto ifuna ukuba umguquleli ahlele ngokutsha lonke isivakalisi engaphulanga intsingiselo yoqobo ukuze sivakale kakuhle kwiindlebe zomlesi wesiTurkmen.
- Inkqubo yezimaphambili (Prefixes) kunye nezimamva (Suffixes): IsiXhosa silulwimi olusebenzisa kakhulu izimaphambili (prefixes) ukuze sibonise izivumelwano zamacandelo ezibizo (noun classes). Umzekelo, isivumelwano sentloko nesakhiwo setoni zisekelwe kwikhasi lesibizo. KwisiTurkmen, ukwakhiwawamagama kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwizimamva (suffixes) ezongezwayo eziphambili (agglutinative suffixes) ukuze kuboniswe ixesha, isenzo, abanikazi, kunye nezinye iimpawu zegrama. Xa uguqulela, kufuneka ukwazi ukususa imiqobo yezimaphambili zesiXhosa uze uzibeke njengezimamva ezilandelelanayo kwisiTurkmen.
- Ukuvisisana kweeVawuli (Vowel Harmony): Esi sesinye sezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zesiTurkmen ezikhohlisayo kubantu abasuka kwiilwimi zesiBantu. Izimamva zesiTurkmen kufuneka zilungelelane neevawuli ezikwisiqu segama eliphambili ngokomgaqo wokuba yivawuli engaphambili okanye engasemva (vowel harmony). IsiXhosa sona sisebenzisa uvuselelo lwezandi (phonological rules) ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokuhlangana kweevawuli, kodwa ezi azifani ncakasana nokuvisisana kweevawuli zesiTurkmen. Oku kufuna ukuba upelo lwesiTurkmen lubhalwe ngendlela echanekileyo engenazimpazamo zokuvumelana kweevawuli.
Ukuthengiselana Ngentsingiselo Yeelwimi Kufundo Lwenkcubeko
Ingxaki enkulu yokuguqulela ayikho kumazwi kuphela, kodwa ikwintsingiselo efihlakeleyo engaphantsi kwamagama. IsiXhosa sityebile ngezaci namaqhalo anengcambu kwimbali namaqhawe esizwe samaXhosa, inkolo yemveli, kunye neendlela zokuphila. Umzekelo, amabinzana afana nelithi "umntu ngumntu ngabantu" anentsingiselo enzulu yentlalontle kunye nobutsha obungenakuguqulelwa ngqo egameni negama kwisiTurkmen.
IsiTurkmen sinesiseko esomeleleyo sembali yenkcubeko yaseCentral Asia, ubomi be-nomadic, iinkolelo zamaSilamsi, kunye nezenzo ezifana nokwenza iikhaphethi (carpet weaving) kunye nentlonipho enkulu yamahashe (amakhethi e-Akhal-Teke). Xa uguqulela izithethe zesiXhosa, umguquleli kufuneka afune igama elifanelekileyo (cultural equivalent) kwisiTurkmen okanye asebenzise indlela yokucacisa (descriptive translation) ukuze umlesi wesiTurkmen ayiqonde imeko ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yintsingiselo yasekuqaleni. Oku kukwasebenza nakwimeko yembeko, apho ulwimi lwesiTurkmen lunezihloko ezithile zokuhlonipha ezahlukileyo kunezo zesiXhosa (ezifana no-Aga, Eje, Hakyda kunye nezinye ezibonisa iminyaka kunye nesikhundla somntu).
Iingcebiso Eziphambili Kubaguquleli Abasebenzayo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wakho wokuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa uya kwisiTurkmen ufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu lemigangatho ye-SEO kunye nokufundeka lula, landela ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo:
- Yakha isichazi-magama sentsingiselo (Bilingual Glossary): Phambi kokuba uqale nayiphi na iprojekthi enkulu, chaza amagama anqabileyo, amagama ezobuchwepheshe, kunye neengqondo ezizodwa zentlalontle, uze ufumane amaqabane achanekileyo kwisiTurkmen. Oku kuthintela ukungaguquguquki kwemathematika yamazwi kuyo yonke idokhumenti kwaye kunceda ekuhambeni komsebenzi.
- Nika ingqwalasela ekubhalweni kwesiTurkmen: IsiTurkmen sisebenzise imibhalo eyahlukeneyo kwimbali yaso, kuquka imibhalo ye-Arabic, eyesiCyrillic, kwaye ngoku basebenzisa umbhalo weLatini otshintshiweyo (modified Latin script) osungulwe emva kokuzimela geqe. Qiniseka ukuba usebenzisa upelo olusemthethweni kunye neempawu zokubhala ezichanekileyo zesiTurkmen sale mihla (ezifana no-ä, ž, ň, ö, ü, ş, ý).
- Sebenzisa iteknoloji ngezixhobo zokuguqulela (CAT Tools): Ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zokuguqulela ezifana neSDL Trados, Smartcat, okanye iMemoQ kunokunceda ukugcina inkumbulo yoguqulelo (Translation Memory). Oku kunceda kakhulu xa usebenza ngeemanyuwali zezobuchwepheshe, amaphepha omthetho, okanye izixhobo zewebhu apho amagama aphindaphindwayo ahlala evela, kwaye kunciphisa ixesha elisetyenziswayo.
- Ukufunda kwakhona kunye noKuhlola uMgangatho (Proofreading): Emva kokugqiba uguqulelo, thumela uxwebhu kumguquleli okanye umhleli othetha isiTurkmen njengolwimi lwakhe lwenkobe (native speaker). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwesivakalisi akufani nesiXhosa esiguqulelwe ngqo, kodwa kuvakala njengesivakalisi esibhalwe ngqo ngesiTurkmen kwaye sikhuselekile kwiintsingiselo ezingalunganga okanye ezigwenxa.
Uphuculo Lwedijithali Nemiba Ye-SEO (Search Engine Optimization)
Kwilizwe lanamhlanje ledijithali, ukuguqulela akuphelelanga nje ekubhaleni phantsi emaphepheni. Iwebhu kunye neeprogram zekhompyutha zifuna ukuba umxholo ube lula ukufikeleleka kwaye ukhangelwe lula koomatshini bokukhangela (Search Engine Optimization - SEO). Xa upapasha umxholo wesiTurkmen oguqulelweyo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa amagama angundoqo (keywords) asetyenziswa kakhulu ngabantu baseTurkmenistan kwi-intanethi. Umzekelo, amagama afana nelithi "terjime" (uguqulelo), "sözlük" (isichazi-magama), kunye nelithi "türkmen dili" (ulimi lwesiTurkmen) kufuneka afakwe ngokuchanekileyo kwizihloko kunye nomxholo opheleleyo.
Ukongeza, isoftware kunye neefomati zewebhu kufuneka zixhase Unicode efanelekileyo ukuze zibonise abalinganiswa abakhethekileyo besiTurkmen ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuba ungcwenga okanye upapasha oku kwiwebhusayithi, qinisekisa ukuba ukhowudi ye-HTML ichaza ngokucacileyo ulimi usebenzisa i-attribute efanelekileyo (umzekelo, lang="tk") ukwenzela ukuba iibhrawuza kunye nezinjini zokukhangela ziwazi umahluko kwaye zilungelelanise umxholo ngokwendlela eyiyo. Oku kunceda ukuba umxholo ufikelele kubabukeli abafanelekileyo eTurkmenistan nakwiingingqi eziyingqongileyo apho olu lwimi luthethwa khona.
Ukuqukumbela: Ukwakha Ibhulorho Ezinzileyo Phakathi Kweempawu Ezimbini
Nangona isiXhosa nesiTurkmen zivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo zehlabathi, ukuguqulela phakathi kwazo kuvula amathuba amatsha oshishino, ezemfundo, kunye notshintshiselwano lwenkcubeko. Ngokuthobela imithetho yegrama, ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwesakhiwo se-SVO nese-SOV, kunye nokugcina imeko yenkcubeko yomxholo, abaguquleli banokwakha imisebenzi efikelelekayo nechanekileyo eza kunceda uluntu oluthetha isiTurkmen ukuba luqonde ubutyebi kunye nenkcubeko yeempawu zesiXhosa ngokufanelekileyo. Eli nyathelo lempumelelo lifuna unyamezelo, ukuzinikela, kunye nohlaziyo oluqhubekayo lwezixhobo zedijithali ezisetyenziswa kwiilwimi zombini.