Fassara tsakanin harsunan da ba su fito daga zuri'a guda ba, kamar harshen Hausa na Afirka ta Yamma da kuma harshen Kannada na kudancin kasar Indiya, babban aiki ne mai bukatar kwarewa da zurfin sani. Harshen Hausa, wanda ke karkashin rukunin harsunan Chadic na iyalan harsunan Afroasiatic, ya sha bamban sosai da harshen Kannada, wanda yake daya daga cikin manyan harsunan Dravidian da ake magana da su a jihar Karnataka ta kasar Indiya. Wannan makala tana yin nazari mai zurfi kan hanyoyi, kalubale, da kuma shawarwarin da za su taimaka wa masu fassara wajen gudanar da aiki mai inganci domin gina gadar sadarwa mai karfi tsakanin wadannan harsuna biyu.
Bambance-Bambancen Tsarin Jimla Da Kuma Tsarin Nahawu (Syntactic Structure)
Babban kalubale na farko da mai fassara ke fara fuskanta shi ne yadda tsarin gina jimla yake a harsunan biyu. Harshen Hausa yana amfani da tsarin Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), wato Mai aiki - Aiki - Abin da aiki ya shafa. Alal misali, a jimlar "Yaron ya sayi littafi," muna da "Yaron" (Mai aiki), "ya sayi" (Aiki), da kuma "littafi" (Abin da aiki ya shafa).
A daya bangaren kuma, harshen Kannada yana amfani da tsarin Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), wato Mai aiki - Abin da aiki ya shafa - Aiki. A cikin Kannada, wannan jimlar za ta koma "Yaron littafi ya sayi" (ಹುಡುಗನು ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ಕೊಂಡುಕೊಂಡನು - Huduganu pustakavannu kondukondanu). Idan mai fassara bai kula da wannan sauyin tsarin na nahawu ba, fassarar za ta zama marar dadi ko kuma marar ma'ana a kunnen mai sauraro ko mai karatu na Kannada. Saboda haka, dole ne a sake fasalin jimla gaba daya domin ta dace da tunani da salon magana na masu jin Kannada.
Jinsin Kalmomi Da Kuma Daidaiton Nahawu (Gender and Morphological Systems)
Harshen Hausa yana da jinsi guda biyu kacal: namiji da mace. A Hausa, kusan kowane suna yana da jinsi, kuma wannan jinsin yana shafar yadda ake amfani da wakilan suna, fi'ilai, da kuma siffofi (misali: "babban gida" domin namiji, da kuma "tsohuwar mota" domin mace). Wannan tsarin yana bukatar mai fassara ya kasance mai lura da kowane jinsi na kalma.
Sabanin haka, harshen Kannada yana amfani da tsarin jinsi guda uku: namiji (masculine), mace (feminine), da kuma tsaka-tsaki (neuter). A Kannada, jinsi ya danganta ne da ko abin yana da rai ko ba shi da rai, kuma ko mutum ne ko dabba. Yawancin abubuwan da ba su da rai suna fada ne a karkashin rukunin tsaka-tsaki (neuter). Lokacin da ake fassara daga Hausa zuwa Kannada, dole ne mai fassara ya san yadda zai sauya jinsin kalmomin Hausa zuwa tsarin jinsi uku na Kannada ba tare da an sami rikicewar ma'ana ba.
Tsarin Agglutination A Harshen Kannada Da Kari A Hausa
Harshen Kannada sananne ne wajen amfani da tsarin agglutination. Wannan yana nufin ana iya lika dogayen kari (suffixes) a bayan tushen kalma daya domin nuna bayanai daban-daban kamar lokaci, yanayi, jinsi, da kuma lambobi. Kalma guda daya a Kannada tana iya daukar ma'anar jimla ce cikakka a harshen Hausa. Saboda haka, rashin fahimtar yadda wadannan kari ke aiki zai iya haifar da kuskure babba.
A harshen Hausa kuma, ana amfani da kalmomin taimako (auxiliary particles) da kuma karin sauti (tones) don nuna lokaci da yanayin aiki (kamar su "ya", "yana", "ya taba"). Don haka, lokacin fassara zuwa Kannada, mai fassara dole ne ya iya gano ainihin lokaci da yanayin aikin da Hausa ke nufi, sannan ya nemo takamaiman karin (suffix) da ya dace da shi a Kannada.
Nuances Na Al'adu Da Addini Tsakanin Hausa Da Kannada (Cultural Context)
Harshe ba kawai kalmomi ba ne; shi ne madubin al'adar mutane. Mafi yawan masu jin harshen Hausa a yau suna zaune ne a yankunan da al'adun Musulunci da na Larabawa suka yi tasiri sosai. Wannan ya sa kalmomi da dama na yau da kullum a Hausa suna da alaka da addini (misali: "albarka," "addu'a," "sadaka," "hakkinka").
A daya bangaren kuma, harshen Kannada da al'adun mutanen Karnataka suna da alaka da addinin Hindu da sauran al'adun gargajiyar kudancin Indiya. Wannan bambanci na al'adu yana haifar da kalubale wajen samun kalmomin da suka yi daidai da juna 100%. Don magance wannan, kwararren mai fassara yana da hanyoyi guda uku:
- Fassara Ta Hanyar Bayani (Descriptive Translation): Bayyana ma'anar kalmar al'ada daki-daki a cikin fassarar maimakon amfani da kalma guda daya.
- Aro Kalma Da Kuma Rubuta Ta Yadda Ake Fada (Transliteration): Rubuta kalmar Hausar ta amfani da haruffan Kannada, musamman idan sunan wani abu ne na musamman da babu shi a Indiya.
- Fassara Ta Kusanci (Dynamic Equivalence): Nemo kalmar da ta fi kusa da ita a al'adance a jihar Karnataka, koda kuwa ba ta yi daidai da ma'anar asali ta kowace fuska ba.
Muhimman Shawarwari Domin Samun Fassara Mai Inganci (Pro Tips for Quality Translation)
Domin tabbatar da cewa fassarar ta kasance mai inganci da kuma dadin karantawa ga masu jin Kannada, yana da kyau a bi wadannan shawarwari:
- Guji Fassara Ta Na'ura Kai-tsaye: Kayan aiki kamar Google Translate suna da amfani, amma ba za su iya fahimtar zurfin al'adu da kalaman hikima na Hausa da Kannada ba. Yi amfani da su kawai a matsayin taimako.
- Amfani Da Harshe Na Uku A Matsayin Gada (Bridge Language): Domin babu wadatattun kamus na kai-tsaye tsakanin Hausa da Kannada, kwararru suna amfani da harshen Turanci. Zaka iya fassara kalmar Hausa zuwa Turanci da farko, sannan ka nemo daidaitarta daga Turanci zuwa Kannada.
- Nazarce Karin Magana Da Kalaman Hikima (Idioms and Proverbs): Karin maganar Hausa kamar "Kowa ya tuna bara, ya ji dumi a jiki" ba za a fassara ta kai-tsaye ba. Dole ne a nemo karin magana mai ma'ana iri daya a harshen Kannada.
- Tuntubar Kwararrun Harshe (Native Reviewers): Bayan kammala fassarar, yana da matukar muhimmanci a tura wa wani wanda harshen Kannada shi ne harshensa na haihuwa domin ya duba ingancin rubutun da yadda yake sauti.
Fassara daga harshen Hausa zuwa Kannada babban kalubale ne, amma kuma wata babbar dama ce ta bunkasa sadarwa tsakanin yankuna biyu daban-daban na duniya. Ta hanyar fahimtar tsarin nahawu, jinsi, agglutination, da kuma yanayin al'adu, kwararren mai fassara zai iya samar da aiki mai ban sha'awa da inganci wanda zai gamsar da masu karatu na Kannada.