ترجمه شونا به آلمانی - مترجم آنلاین رایگان و گرامر صحیح | فرانکو ترنسلیت

Kushandurwa kwemashoko pakati pemitauro yakasiyana kwazvo seChiShona neChiJerimani (German) ibasa rinoda unyanzvi hwakadzika, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwegirama, pamwe nekugona kufamba nemazvo mutsika dzenyika dzese dziri mbiri. ChiShona mutauro weBantu unotaurwa nevanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu muZimbabwe nemunyika dzakapoteredza, ukuwo ChiJerimani chiri mutauro weGermanic unotaurwa munyika dzakaita seGermany, Austria, neSwitzerland nevanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni zana. Kudyidzana mune zvehupfumi, dzidzo, uye tsika pakati peZimbabwe nenyika dzinotaura ChiJerimani kuri kuita kuti kuve nekuda kukuru kwevashanduri venyanzvi. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura nzira dzekushandura, matambudziko akajairika, nemazano achabatsira vashanduri kuti vape basa rine ruzivo rwakazara uye rwakajeka.

Misiyano yeGirama Pakati peChiShona neChiJerimani

Kusiyana kwechimiro chemitauro iyi ndiro dambudziko rekutanga parinowanikwa nevashanduri. Mitauro iyi ine mitemo yegirama yakasiyana zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoreva kuti mushanduri haagoni kungotora mutsara akaushandura shoko neshoko.

1. Mupanda wemazita (Noun Classes) weChiShona neMupanda weHono/Kadzi (Gender System) weChiJerimani

ChiShona chinoshandisa mipanda yemazita (noun classes) inosvika gumi nemasere, apo izwi rega rega rinoiswa mumupanda wakatarwa zvichienderana nezvazvakaita (semuenzaniso, mupanda wevanhu, wezvinhu, wemiti, kana wemhuka). Mupanda uyu unotonga zviito nezvipauro zvinotevera mumutsara kuburikidza nezvirungamutauro kana zviratidziro (concords).

Kune rumwe rutivi, ChiJerimani chinoshandisa mipanda mitatu chete yemazita (Grammatical Gender): hono (maskulin - der), kadzi (feminin - die), nemupanda usina divi (neutral - das). Kuti mushanduri akwanise kushandura nemazvo, anofanira:

• Kuziva mupanda wakakodzera muChiJerimani: Kana uri kushandura izwi reChiShona rakaita sekuti "mwana" (mupanda 1 - munhu), muChiJerimani rinova "das Kind" (mupanda usina divi). Izwi rekuti "chingwa" (mupanda 7) rinova "das Brot", uye "zuva" (mupanda 5) rinova "die Sonne" (mupanda wekadzi).
• Kubata nemachinjirwo emazita (Cases): ChiJerimani chinoshandisa mana emhosva dzezita kana zvisungazwi (Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ, Genitiv). Machinjirwo aya anoenderana nebasa rinoitwa nezita mumutsara. ChiShona hachina machinjirwo anoratidzwa patsime rezita seizvi, izvo zvinoda kuti mushanduri anyatsonzwisisa kuti ndiani ari kuita chiito uye chiri kuitirwa chii mumutsara kuitira kuti azviratidze nemazvo muChiJerimani.

2. Kurongeka Kwezvikamu Zvemutsara (Word Order and Syntax)

ChiShona chinowanzoshandisa kurongeka kweMhaka-Chiito-Chinhu (Subject-Verb-Object - SVO). Kunyange zvazvo kurongeka uku kuchiwanikwawo muChiJerimani pane dzimwe nguva, ChiJerimani chine mitemo yakasimba kwazvo yekuisa chiito panzvimbo yepiri (V2 rule) mumitsara mikuru, uye kuisa chiito kumagumo mumitsara inotsanangura (subordinate clauses).

Semuenzaniso, mutsara wekuti: "Ndinoziva kuti vanhu vachauya mangwana." Unoshandurwa muChiJerimani kuenda kwekuti: "Ich weiß, dass die Menschen morgen kommen werden." (Apo zviito "kommen werden" zvinoenda kumagumo nekuda kwechibatanidzi "dass"). Kana mushanduri akasaziva mitemo ye syntax iyi, mutsara unenge usinganzwisisike zvachose kune muverengi weChiJerimani.

Tsika neMadimikira (Cultural Nuances and Idioms)

Mitauro midzi yetsika. ChiShona chakapfuma kwazvo mukushandisa tsumo nemadimikira kutsanangura hupenyu, hukama, uye hunhu. Kuedza kushandura tsumo idzi shoko neshoko ndiko kukanganisa kukuru kunoitwa nevashanduri vakawanda.

Kuti uendese shanduro kune muverengi weChiJerimani zvine mutsindo, unofanira kushandisa nzira mbiri dzinotevera:

• Kushandisa dynamic equivalence (Kugadzira pfungwa yakaenzana): Kureva kuti mushanduri haatarisi mashoko asi anotarisira zvinoreva mutsara wetsika dzeChiShona obva atsvaga mutsara weChiJerimani ine revo yakafanana. Semuenzaniso, tsumo yeChiShona inoti "Chara chimwe hachitswanyinda tsoka" inoratidza kubatana. MuChiJerimani tinogona kushandisa chirevo chinoti "Gemeinsam sind wir stark" (Takabatana tine simba) kana kuti "Viele Hände machen schnell ein Ende".
• Tsananguro kana Tsanangurazwi (Paraphrasing): Kana pasina chirevo chakaenzana mutsika yeChiJerimani, mushanduri anofanira kutsanangura revo yacho nemazwi ari nyore. Somuenzaniso, "Kugona nhanho zvinoda muvhimi" zvinoreva kuti zvinhu zvakaoma zvinoda nyanzvi. MuChiJerimani unogona kunyora kuti "Schwierige Aufgaben erfordern Expertenwissen" (Mabasa akaoma anoda ruzivo rwenyanzvi).

Matambudziko eMashoko Ehunyanzvi uye Gwanza reMutauro (Lexical Gaps)

Gwanza rekushomeka kwemashoko (lexical gap) rinoitika kana mutauro mumwe uine pfungwa kana chinhu chisimo mumumwe mutauro. Izvi zvinowanzoitika pashanduro pakati peChiShona neChiJerimani.

1. Mashoko eChiShona asina muChiJerimani

Tsika dzechiShona dzine zvinhu zvakawanda zvisingawanikwi kuEurope. Mashoko akaita sekuti "sadza", "nhimbe", "chisi", kana "roora" haana mashoko anomirira izvi muChiJerimani. Pano mushanduri anokwanisa kuita zvinotevera:

• Kukwereta shoko: Kuchengetedza shoko reChiShona racho (semuenzaniso, "Sadza") asa ndokubva watsanangura mumabhaketi kana mutsamba yezasi (footnote) kuti chii chacho ("Sadza - ein traditioneller Maisbrei aus Simbabwe").
• Kushandisa rimwe izwi riri pedyo: Semuenzaniso, kushandura "roora" sekuti "Brautpreis" (mutengo wemuroora), kunyange zvazvo revo yechiShona yaroora yakadzika kudarika kutenga munhu.

2. Mashoko anobatanidzwa (Compound Words) muChiJerimani

ChiJerimani chinozivikanwa nekugona kubatanidza mashoko akawanda kuti agadzire izwi rimwe chete rakareba kutsanangura pfungwa dzakaoma (semuenzaniso, "Umweltschutzorganisation" zvinoreva "sangano rinoona nezvekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda"). Kana mushanduri ari kushandura gwaro reChiShona, anofanira kugadzirira kubatanidza mashoko aya nemazvo muChiJerimani kuitira kuti gwaro riratidze hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hweChiJerimani.

Mazano eNyanzvi Kune Vashanduri veChiShona neChiJerimani

Kuti uburitse basa rakanaka, heano mamwe mazano akakosha anofanira kutevedzerwa nevashanduri vese:

1. Nzwisisa vateereri vako (Target Audience): Gwaro rako riri kuverengwa nani muGermany? Kana riri remutemo kana redzidzo, rinoshandisa mutauro wakasiyana zvachose nerinenge richishandiswa pane zvetsika kana kushambadza.
2. Dzivisa kushandura shoko neshoko: Kushandura shoko neshoko kunokonzera kurasika kwerevo nokuita kuti mutsara uve usina kugadzikana (clumsy translation). Nyatsoverenga mutsara weChiShona, ubatise pfungwa yawo, wobva wainyora patsva mumutauro weChiJerimani unoyerera zvakanaka.
3. Shandisa maduramazwi echokwadi nemidziyo yetekinoroji: Pakushandura tekinoroji kana sainzi, shandisa maduramazwi anotaridza mashoko ehunyanzvi (terminology databases). Nyatsoongorora mashandisirwo emazwi munyika inotaura mutauro wauri kushandurira.
4. Kudzokorora nekugadzirisa basa (Proofreading and Editing): Paunopedza kushandura, chimbomira kweinenge nguva shoma usati waverenga basa rako zvakare. Zvakakodzera kuti upe mutauri weChiJerimani (native speaker) kuti aongorore kana mutauro wacho uchiyevedza uye uchinyatsonzwisika sezvinotarisirwa.

Mhedziso

Kushandura kubva kuChiShona kuenda kuChiJerimani hakuna kungogumira mukuchinjanisa mashoko ari mumabhuku. Ndiwo unyanzvi hwekuvaka zambuko pakati petsika nemitauro yakasiyana zvachose. Nekunzwisisa mipanda yemazita, mitemo ye syntax, tsika dzekutaura, nemadzimikira, mushanduri anokwanisa kupa basa rine simba uye rinoita kuti kukurukurirana kuve kwakanaka kwazvo pakati pevanhu vatauri vemitauro iyi yakakosha.