Kumasulira pakati pa zilankhulo zomwe zili ndi zikhalidwe komanso mizu yosiyana kotheratu ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zovuta koma zosangalatsa kwambiri. Chilankhulo cha Chichewa, chomwe chimalankhulidwa ndi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ku Central ndi Southern Africa makamaka m'dziko la Malawi, Zambia ndi Mozambique, chili m'gulu la zilankhulo za Chibantu. Kumbali inayi, chilankhulo cha Chimarathi (Marathi) ndi chimodzi mwa zilankhulo zazikulu za ku India (Indo-Aryan) chomwe chimalankhulidwa makamaka m'chigawo cha Maharashtra. Kuti womasulira athe kutembenuza zolemba kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita ku Chimarathi popanda kutaya tanthauzo, pamafunika kumvetsetsa bwino galamala, dongosolo la ziganizo, komanso chikhalidwe ka zilankhulo zonse ziwirizi.
Kusiyana kwa Mapangidwe a Galamala ndi Dongosolo la Ziganizo
Chinsinsi choyamba pa kumasulira kothandiza ndiko kumvetsetsa dongosolo la ziganizo (syntax). M'chilankhulo cha Chichewa, timatsatira dongosolo la Mutu-Chita-Chitidwa (Subject-Verb-Object kapena SVO). Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo choti "Mlimi amalima munda" chimasonyeza kuti Mutu ndi "Mlimi", Chita (Verb) ndi "amalima", ndipo Chitidwa (Object) ndi "munda". Dongosolo ili limapangitsa kuti zochitika zonse zikhale zosavuta kutsatira mu Chichewa.
Koma mu chilankhulo cha Chimarathi, dongosolo limeneli limasintha kotheratu ndipo limatsatira njira ya Mutu-Chitidwa-Chita (Subject-Object-Verb kapena SOV). Choncho, tikamasulira chiganizo chomwecho m'Chimarathi, chiganizicho chiyenera kukhala ndi mutu poyamba, kenako chinthu chomwe chikuchitidwacho, ndipo mawu ochitapo kanthu (verb) amapita kumapeto kwa chiganizo. Kulephera kusintha dongosolo limeneli kumapangitsa kuti zolemba za womasulira ziziwoneka zachilendo kwambiri komanso zosamveka bwino kwa olankhula Chimarathi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake womasulira sayenera kumasulira mawu ndi mawu (word-for-word translation).
Miyeso ya Jenda, Magulu a Mayina ndi Matchulidwe a Galamala
Kusiyana kwina kwakukulu kuli pa magulu a mayina ndi kagawo ka jenda. Chichewa chili ndi dongosolo la magulu a mayina (noun classes), pomwe mayina amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana (monga mu-a, chi-zi, li-ma, ndi zina zotero) kutengera mtundu wa chinthu kapena munthu. Magulu amenewa amatsogolera kamangidwe ka ziganizo zonse kudzera mu mgwirizano wa matchulidwe (concordial agreement). Magulumawa sakhala ndi kagawo ka jenda waimuna kapena waikazi monga momwe zilili m'zilankhulo zina.
Koma mu Chimarathi, kulibe magulu a mayina ngati a Chichewa. Chimarathi chimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu ya jenda: waimuna (masculine), waikazi (feminine), komanso yosalowerera mbali iliyonse (neuter). Mayina komanso ma verb amasinthasintha malingana ndi jenda ya dzina lomwe likukambidwa komanso unyinji wake. Komanso, pamene Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito mawu osonyeza malo kapena chibale (prepositions) patsogolo pa dzina, Chimarathi chimagwiritsa ntchito matchulidwe a kumapeto (postpositions) omwe amalumikizidwa kumapeto kwa dzina. Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira ayenera kukhala tcheru kwambiri ndi mmene mayina ndi ma verb amagwirizanirana m'Chimarathi.
Miyambi ndi Kusamutsa Chikhalidwe (Transcreation)
Zilankhulo zonse ziwirizi zili ndi mbiri komanso chikhalidwe chozama chomwe chimapezeka m'miyambi komanso m'matanthauzo a mawu. Chichewa chili ndi miyambi yambiri (miyambi ya Chinyanja/Chichewa) yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi ulimi, zachilengedwe, ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito zinyama posonyeza khalidwe la anthu (mwachitsanzo, "Kutsatira mbuzi zikupita kukamwa, nawe uli ndi ludzu"). Miyambi ngati imeneyi siyingamasuliridwe molunjika mu Chimarathi popanda kutaya nzeru zake zonse.
Kuti womasulira achite bwino apa, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa 'transcreation' kapena kumasulira kwa chikhalidwe. Izi zikutanthauza kupeza mwambi kapena katchulidwe ka mawu mu Chimarathi kamene kali ndi phindu komanso nzeru yofanana ndi ya mwambi wa Chichewa uja, ngakhale kuti mawu omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito angakhale osiyana kotheratu. Izi zimathandiza kuti owerenga a m'chigawo cha Maharashtra amve ndipo amvetsetse uthengawo monga momwe mbadwa ya Chichewa imawumvera m'Malawi kapena m'Zambia.
Matchulidwe a Ulemu ndi Registers za Chiyanjano
Kupereka ulemu kudzera mu chilankhulo ndi mbali ina yofunika kwambiri m'zikhalidwe zonse ziwiri. M'Chichewa, njira yosonyezera ulemu kwa achikulire kapena alendo imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito unyinji (plural forms of address) kapena magulu apadera a mayina ngati gulu la 'A-' (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito "Akubwera" m'malo moti "Akubwera" kapena "Akudya"). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti chilankhulo cha Chichewa chimasamala kwambiri za maubale a chikhalidwe.
Chimodzimodzinso mu Chimarathi, pali dongosolo lamphamvu kwambiri la matchulidwe a ulemu (honorifics). Magwiritsidwe ntchito a ma pronominal forms monga 'tumhi' (inu) m'malo mwa 'tu' (iwe) ndi ofunika kwambiri polankhula ndi achikulire kapena anthu olemekezeka. Ngati womasulira atalephera kusamalira mulingo wa ulemu pamaso pa owerenga a Chimarathi, zolemba zake zitha kuwoneka ngati zamwano kapena zopanda ulemu. Kusamala ndi kusankha registers zoyenera kutengera mtundu wa text (kaya ndi nkhani, zikalata za boma, kapena nkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku) ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita ku Chimarathi
- Kuwerenga Text Yonse: Nthawi zonse, werengani text ya Chichewa kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka pamapeto musanambe kutembenuza mawu aliwonse. Izi zimakuthandizani kudziwa mutu wankhani, kamvekedwe (tone), komanso cholinga chenicheni cha wolemba.
- Pangani Dikishonare Yanu: Popeza palibe ma dikishonare ambiri olunjika pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chimarathi, pangani zolemba za mawu ofunika komanso matanthauzo awo omwe amagwirizana nthawi zonse kuti musunge mgwirizano (consistency) pa ntchito yanu yonse.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Native Speakers: Mukamaliza kumasulira, funsani munthu yemwe chilankhulo chake choyamba ndi Chimarathi kuti awerenge zolemba zanu. Izi zidzakuthandizani kuzindikira ngati pali ziganizo zomwe sizikumveka mwachilengedwe kapena ngati pali zolakwika za chikhalidwe.
- Samalirani Zizindikiro ndi Mayina a Malo: Onetsetsani kuti mayina a malo kapena mayina a anthu alembedwa moyenera m'zilemba za Chimarathi (makamaka posintha zilembo kuchokera ku Latin kupita ku Devanagari script yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Chimarathi).
- Dziwani Kusiyana kwa Mawu a Zipembedzo ndi Sayansi: Mawu ambiri a zamakono kapena a sayansi mu Chichewa nthawi zambiri amakhala otengedwa ku Chingerezi. Mu Chimarathi, womasulira angafunikire kusankha pakati pa mawu ochokera ku Sanskrit kapena mawu amakono omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kutsiliza pa Njira Yomasulira Kutsatira Masitepe Abwino
Kumasulira koyenera kumafuna chipiriro, kafukufuku wozama, komanso chikondi pa zilankhulo zonse ziwirizi. Mwa kutsatira malangizo omwe ali pamwambapa, komanso kukhala tcheru pa kusiyana kwa kamangidwe ka ziganizo ndi kusamutsa chikhalidwe, mutha kupanga zolemba zomwe sizidzangokhala zomasuliridwa chabe, koma zidzakhala zomasuliridwa mwaluso kwambiri komanso zomveka bwino kwa olankhula Chimarathi onse padziko lonse lapansi.