Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili zomdabu zase-Afrika kungenye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuxhuma abantu abahlukene, ukwakha ubudlelwano bezohwebo, nokukhulisa ukuqonda kwamasiko ahlukahlukene. Kulo mhlahlandlela, sizodingida inqubo ebanzi yokuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu (ulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika) kuya kusiAmharic (ulimi lwesibili olukhulunywa kakhulu e-Ethiopia nasempumalanga ye-Afrika). Lokhu kuhumusha kudinga ulwazi olujulile lwezakhi zolimi zombili kanye nokuqonda okubanzi kwamasiko ahlobene nazo.
Umehluko Wezakhi Zohlelo Lolimi Phakathi KweziZulu NesiAmharic
Ukuze ukwazi ukuhumusha ngendlela efanele, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zilimi zombili zivela emindenini ehlukene ngokuphelele. IsiZulu singaphansi komndeni wezilimi zamaBantu (Niger-Congo), kanti isiAmharic singaphansi komndeni wezilimi zamaSemitic (Afroasiatic). Lolu phambano lwezinhlelo ludala umehluko omkhulu wezakhi zolimi ekufanele umhumushi abhekane nawo.
1. Ukulandelana Kwamagama Emshweni (Word Order)
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu lapho uhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiAmharic yindlela imisho eyakhiwe ngayo. Uhlelo lwesiZulu lusebenzisa isakhiwo esijwayelekile salokhu: Umenzi - Isenzo - Umenziwa (Subject-Verb-Object noma SVO). Ngokwesibonelo, emusheni othi: "Umfana ufunda incwadi.":
- Umfana - Umenzi (Subject)
- ufunda - Isenzo (Verb)
- incwadi - Umenziwa (Object)
2. Izigaba Zamabizo Nobulili Bohlelo Lolimi (Noun Classes and Grammatical Gender)
IsiZulu saziwa kakhulu ngohlelo lwaso lwezigaba zamabizo (noun classes), lapho amabizo ahlukaniswa khona ngezinhlanga ezehlukene (ezifana noClass 1/2 wabantu, Class 3/4 wezihlahla, njalo njalo). Lezi zigaba zilawula izivumelwano zomlayezo wonke emshweni. EsiAmharic, lolu hlelo alukho ngendlela efanayo. Kunalokho, isiAmharic sisebenzisa ubulili bohlelo lolimi (grammatical gender) obuhlanganisa owesilisa nowesifazane. Amabizo amaningi anikezwa ubulili, kanti izenzo nezichasiso nazo ziyashintsha kuye ngokuthi ukhuluma ngowesilisa noma ngowesifazane. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi umhumushi ahluzisise kahle ukuthi isenzo noma ibizo kusiAmharic kumele siphethwe kanjani ukuze singoni incazelo noma sidale ukudideka.
Ukubhekana Nemibhalo Ehlukene: IsiLatini vs. I-Ge'ez
Enye ingxenye ebalulekile yomehluko phakathi kwalezi zilimi zombili isistimu yokubhala. IsiZulu sisebenzisa izinhlamvu zesiLatini ezitholakala kalula kuzo zonke izinhlelo zekhompuyutha nomakhalekhukhwini. Noma kunjalo, isiAmharic sisebenzisa uhlelo lokubhala oludala kakhulu noluyingqayizivele olobizwa ngokuthi yi-Ge'ez (noma ama-Fidel e-Amharic). Lolu hlelo luwuhlobo lwe-abugida, lapho uphawu ngalunye lumele inhlanganisela yongwaqa nonkamisa.
Lokhu kubeka inselele enkulu kubahumushi basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe:
- Izinhlelo Zokubhala (Keyboards): Umhumushi kumele abe nesoftware efanele yokubhala ngesiAmharic (Fidel input system) ekhompyutheni yakhe.
- Izinhlamvu Zendawo (Unicode Support): Kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ifonti esetshenziswayo isekela izinhlamvu zesiAmharic ukuze umbhalo ungabonakali njengamabhokisi angenalutho kumnikazi wewebhusayithi noma kumfundi.
- Ukuhumusha amagama afanele (Transliteration): Amagama abantu, izindawo, nezinto ezithile kumele abhalwe ngendlela ezwakalayo ngolimi olusha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yindlela aphinyiselwa ngayo ekuqaleni.
Amasiko Nokuhumusha Ngendlela Eyamukelekile (Cultural Transcreation)
Ukuhumusha akukhona nje ukushintsha amagama kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye; kumayelana nokudlulisa umyalezo ngendlela efanele ngokwamasiko omphakathi. Zombili lezi zilimi, isiZulu nesiAmharic, zinezimpande ezijulile zamasiko ahlonipha kakhulu abadala nezikhundla emphakathini.
KusiZulu, kukhona ulimi lwenhlonipho olubaluleke kakhulu lapho kukhulunywa nabantu abadala noma amakhosi. Ngendlela efanayo, isiAmharic sinezinhlelo ezikhethekile zokusetshenziswa kwezenzi lapho kubhekiswe kumuntu ohloniphekile noma omdala (isibonelo, ukusebenzisa igama elithi "Inji" noma "Irswo" esikhundleni selithi "Anti" noma "Anchi"). Uma umhumushi engazi lawa masiko, umbhalo ungabonakala ungenanhlonipho noma ungenandaba, okungaba yinkinga enkulu uma kuhunyushwa imibhalo yezomthetho, yezombusazwe, noma yezebhizinisi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izaga nezisho zesiZulu zivame ukugxila emhlabeni wezolimo, imvelo, kanye nezilwane zasendle (njengokuthi: "Indlovu ayisindwa umbhalo wayo"). Lapho uhumusha lezi zinkulumo zesiZulu uziyisa kusiAmharic, umhumushi kufanele agweme ukuhumusha igama negama. Kunalokho, kumele afune isaga sesiAmharic esinencazelo efanayo, esifana nezimiso zempilo nezamasiko ase-Ethiopia.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Okuhumusha Kusuka KusiZulu Kuya KusiAmharic
Kubabhali nabahumushi abafuna ukwenza umsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu, nazi izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokulandela:
- Gwema Ukuhumusha Igama Negama (Literal Translation): Hlala ukhumbula ukuthi isakhiwo nomongo wolimi ngalunye kuhluke kakhulu. Humusha umqondo nomyalezo jikelele, hhayi amagama ngamanye.
- Sebenzisa Ulimi Lwesithathu Njengebhuloho (Bridge Language): Ngenxa yokuthi akukho zichazamazwi eziningi eziqondile phakathi kwesiZulu nesiAmharic, ungasebenzisa isiNgisi njengolimi olusizayo ukuze uqinisekise incazelo yegama elithile ngaphambi kokulihumushela kolunye ulimi.
- Hlola Imisebenzi Yakho: Ngemuva kokuphothula ukuhumusha, yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi umbhalo ufundwa ngumuntu ozalelwe kulelo limi (native speaker of Amharic) ukuze ahlolisise ukuthi ngabe ulimi lugeleza kahle futhi alunamaphutha yini.
- Funda Ngezilimi Zombili Njalo: Izilimi ziyashintsha futhi ziyakhula. Hlala unolwazi ngezindlela ezintsha zokukhuluma, isilengiso (slang), namagama amasha ezobuchwepheshe angena kulezi zilimi nsuku zonke.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinhlelo Zobuchwepheshe Bemishini (Translation Technology)
Ezikhathini zethu zanamuhla, abahumushi abaningi basebenzisa amathuluzi afana nama-CAT Tools (Computer-Assisted Translation) ukusiza emisebenzini yabo. Nakuba lezi zinhlelo zisiza ekuhleleni nasekulondolozeni amagama ajwayelekile (translation memory), azikwazi ukufaka indawo yokuqonda komuntu. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhumusha bemishini buvame ukuba nobunzima kakhulu kusiZulu nesiAmharic ngenxa yokushoda kwemithombo yolwazi ebanzi ye-intanethi (low-resource languages). Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wokuhlunga wokugcina kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi wenziwe ngumhumushi ongumuntu onesipiliyoni esihle.
Ekugcineni, ukuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiAmharic kuyibhuloho elihle kakhulu elixhuma imiphakathi emibili emikhulu nesezingeni eliphezulu e-Afrika. Ngokulandela lezi zindlela eziphakamisiwe nokuqonda umehluko obalulekile wezakhi zolimi namasiko, abahumushi bangakhiqiza imibhalo esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu ezosiza ekwakheni ukuqonda nokubambisana phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika ne-Ethiopia.