Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujyana mu Gishona (Shona cyangwa ChiShona) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi n'umuco w'abazivuga. Naho zombi ari indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) kandi zifite isano rya hafi mu miterere n'inkomoko, buri rurimi rwifitemo umwihariko n'amategeko yarwo yihariye y'ikibonezamvugo. Iki gice kigamije kugaragaza ibyiciro by'ingenzi by'iri hindura, mbonezamvugo ihuriweho n'itandukanye, ndetse n'inama zifatika zafasha abahinduzi b'inzobere gukora umurimo unoze kandi ugera ku ntego.
Isano y'Inkomoko n'Ibyiciro by'Amazina (Noun Classes)
Mu miterere y'indimi z'Abantu, amatsinda cyangwa ibyiciro by'amazina ni inkingi ya mwamba. Ikinyarwanda n'Igishona bihuriye ku gukoresha ubu buryo bw'ibyiciro by'amazina kugira ngo interuro igire ubumwe bw'ikibonezamvugo (concord agreement). Aha niho umuhinduzi agomba kuba maso cyane kuko nubwo ibyiciro bihuye mu buryo bw'amateka, imyandikire n'uturemajambo bifite itandukaniro rigaragara.
Urugero, mu Kinyarwanda, abantu babarizwa mu cyiciro cya mbere n'icya kabiri (Umu-/Aba-), naho mu Gishona bakabarizwa mu cyiciro cya mbere n'icya kabiri ariko bikandikwa nka (Mu-/Va-). Dore urugero rw'ijambo "umugabo" mu Kinyarwanda rihinduka "murume" mu Gishona, naho "abagabo" rikahinduka "varume". Mu buryo bw'ibinyazina n'inshinga, ubumwe n'ubwinshi bugomba gukurikiza iri tegeko rya concord:
- Ikinyarwanda: Umugabo mukuru aje hano. (Icyiciro cya 1: Umu- / a-)
- Igishona: Murume mukuru auya pano. (Icyiciro cya 1: Mu- / a-)
Nubwo inyandiko zisa nk'izifite imiterere imwe, uturemajambo ngenga-nshinga (subject prefixes) n'utugeneri dutandukana mu buryo bw'imvugo n'imyandikire. Icyitonderwa cyane ni mu byiciro by'ibintu bitari abantu. Urugero, icyiciro cy'ibiti (Umu-/Imi- mu Kinyarwanda) gihura n'icyiciro (Mu-/Mi- mu Gishona), ariko ibyiciro by'ibintu bifite isura yihariye nk'ikinyabuzima bitandukana cyane mu Kinyarwanda (Iki-/Ibi-) no mu Gishona (Chi-/Zvi-). Ijambo "igikombe" rihinduka "mukombe" cyangwa "kombe" mu Gishona bitewe n'inyito ihuye.
Ikinyagihugu n'Ugutondagura Inshinga
Inshinga z'indimi zombi zibumbatiye amakuru menshi cyane: umugambi, igihe, inshinga ntera, intego, n'icyerekezo. Inshinga zombi ni inkomatanyabitekerezo (agglutinative), bivuze ko inyungoramagambo n'uduce tw'amagambo dukomatanyirizwa hamwe n'inshinga ntera kugira ngo hakorwe interuro yuzuye.
Mu Kinyarwanda, inyunge y'inshinga ishobora kubamo uturemajambo twerekana nyir'igikorwa, igihe cyacyo, ukora n'ukorerwa, n'icyerekezo cy'igikorwa. Mu Gishona na ho ni ko bimeze, ariko amategeko y'ibihe (tenses) aratandukana. Urugero:
- Ikinyarwanda: Naramutse ndeba inyoni.
- Igishona: Ndakafumira kutarisa shiri.
Muri izi nteruro, igihe cyo mu gitondo (kumuka/gufumira) gifite uturemajambo twihariye twometse ku nshinga. Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kugira ngo adakoresha ibihe bitajyanye. Mu Gishona, igihe cya vuba (recent past) gikoresha akaremashinga "-a-", naho igihe cya kera kikaba cyakoresha "-aka-". Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa niba igikorwa cyararangiye rwose cyangwa niba gifite ingaruka ku gihe turimo kugira ngo uhitemo ibihe bihuye mu Gishona.
Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo (Transcreation)
Kuhindura amagambo ku giti cyabyo (word-for-word translation) ni ikosa rikomeye iyo uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujyana mu Gishona. Imico y'abanyarwanda n'Abashona ifite ibintu byinshi ihuriraho, ariko buri muryango ufite imyizerere n'imigani byawo byihariye. Iyo uhuye n'imigani (proverbs) cyangwa imvugo z'ikigereranyo (idioms), intego ntibaritse kuba guhindura amagambo ubwayo, ahubwo ni ukubona imvugo ifite agaciro n'ubusobanuro bumwe mu Gishona.
Dufate urugero rw'umugani w'Ikinyarwanda ugira uti: "Urugo rw'umugabo rurabyara rukanapfa." Mu buryo bw'imyizerere n'imibereho y'Abashona, hari imigani ifite uyu musobanuro ivuga ku buryo ibintu bihinduka cyangwa imibereho y'umuryango itaguma hamwe. Aho guhindura ngo "Musha wamurume unobereka nekufa", umuhinduzi w'inzobere agomba guhitamo umugani w'Igishona uhuye n'ubwo butumwa rwose, nka "Musha uchatonga unototiya" cyangwa indi mvugo ijyanye n'icyo gikorwa mu buryo bw'umuco.
Ikindi kandi, imyifatire n'uburyo bwo kubaha (honorifics) bikoreshwa mu mibanire y'abantu mu Kinyarwanda bigomba gusanishwa n'imyandikire y'Igishona. Gukoresha "namwe" nk'icyubahiro mu Kinyarwanda bifite isano ryo gukoresha "imi" cyangwa "makadii" mu Gishona iyo uganiriza umuntu mukuru cyangwa uwo wubashye. Kudakoresha neza ibi bimenyetso by'icyubahiro bishobora gutuma inyandiko ihinduwe igira isura y'ubwiyemezi cyangwa agasuzuguro mu maso y'umuryango w'Abashona.
Inama Zifatika z'Abahinduzi b'Inzobere
Kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduwe ibe nziza kandi yubahirize amategeko y'umuco n'ikibonezamvugo, umuhinduzi agomba gukurikiza izi nama zikurikira:
- Soma ubutumwa bwose mbere yo guhindura: Ntugatangire guhindura interuro ku yindi utarasobanukirwa n'insanganyamatsiko yose. Iki gikorwa kigufasha kumenya ijambo (tone) rikwiriye n'umuyoboro w'inyandiko (style).
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo z'inzobere: Amagambo menshi y'Igishona afite ubusobanuro bwinshi bitewe n'aho akoreshejwe. Gukoresha inkoranyamagambo zemewe n'ikigo cy'indimi cyo muri Zimbabwe (Shona Language Authority/National Language Policy) bifasha kwirinda amakosa y'inyito.
- Genzura itandukaniro ry'indimi-mvugo (Dialectal Differences): Igishona gifite indimi-mvugo zitandukanye zirimo Karanga, Zezuru, Manyika, Korekore, n'izindi. Umwandiko w'ikinyamakuru cyangwa w'amategeko ugomba kwandikwa mu Gishona cyemewe na Leta (Standard Shona), akenshi gishingiye ku mvugo ya Zezuru na Karanga.
- Ubugenzuzi bwa kabiri (Peer Review): Nyuma yo guhindura inyandiko, ni ngombwa ko isomwa n'undi muntu uzi neza ururimi rw'Igishona kandi uruvuga nka kavukire. Ibi bifasha kuvumbura amakosa y'imyandikire (orthography) n'imvugo zitateza kumvikana neza.
Ubusanzwe, ururimi rw'Igishona rwandikwa mu nyuguti z'ikilatini ariko nta bimenyetso byihariye by'amajwi (diacritics) bikunze gukoreshwa cyane nk'uko bimeze mu Kinyarwanda cy'ubu cyangwa izindi ndimi. Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba kuba maso ku buryo ibimenyetso n'amajwi ahagararirwa mu myandikire y'indimi zombi kugira ngo inyandiko ye yuzuze ubuziranenge bwose bukenewe ku isoko ry'umurimo.