Ukuguqulela izicatshulwa ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye yinkqubo entsonkothileyo efuna unxibelelwano olunzulu phakathi kweenkcubeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Xa kuthethwa ngokuguqulela ukusuka elulwimini lwesiXhosa, olusetyenziswa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika, ukuya elulwimini lwesiSwidi (Swedish), olthethwa kumantla eYurophu, le nkqubo iba nemingeni ebalulekileyo ngenxa yezantya ezahlukeneyo zokukhula, imbali, kunye nezakhiwo zezi lwimi. Esi sikhokelo siphonononga ngokubanzi imiba ebalulekileyo, imingeni yezakhiwo, kunye neengcebiso zokwenza olu guqulelo lube lolusezingeni eliphezulu noluchanekileyo ngokwenkcubeko nendlela elinokuthi lincede ngayo ekuphuhliseni unxibelelwano phakathi kwale mihlaba mibini ezahlukeneyo.
Umehluko Wezakhiwo Zomlomo Nelwimi
IsiXhosa sisiwela phantsi kweelwimi zeBantu (Bantu languages), kwaye siyaziwa ngokuba lulwimi olusebenzisa kakhulu izivumelanisi kunye nezakhiwo eziqhotyoshwayo (agglutinating language). Oku kuthetha ukuba isenzo sinokuthwala ulwazi oluninzi olufana nexesha, umenzi, umamkeli, kunye nendlela isenzo esenziwa ngayo, konke kuhlanganiswe kwigama elinye elide ngokusebenzisa izimaphambili (prefixes) nezimamva (suffixes). Umzekelo, igama elithi "ndisakubhalela" liqulethe umenzi ("ndi-"), ixesha kunye nenkqubo ("-saku-"), isenzo ("-bhala-"), kunye nendlela yenzonzo ("-ela"). Lo mkhwa uvelisa amagama amaninzi anamahlathi eentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo angafumanekiyo lula kwezinye iilwimi.
Kwelinye icala, isiSwidi lulwimi lwaseJamani lwasentla (North Germanic language) olunesakhiwo esahluke ngokupheleleyo. IsiSwidi sisebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo ukuchaza ezi zinto (analytical structure). Sincike kakhulu kulandelelwano lwamagama kwisivesi (SVO - Subject-Verb-Object) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezihlomelo kunye nezimelabizo ezahlukeneyo ukuchaza ixesha okanye ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto. Xa umguquleli eguqulela igama elinye lesiXhosa elineentsingiselo ezininzi, kufuneka akhe isivesi esipheleleyo esinamagama amaninzi ngesiSwidi ukuze atshate nentsingiselo yantlandolo. Umguquleli kufuneka abenobuchule bokwakha isivesi ngokutsha ngaphandle kokulahla umxholo wentsusa yesicatshulwa sokuqala.
Izintlu Zezibizo (Noun Classes) vs Izini Zezibizo (Grammatical Genders)
Enye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo zesiXhosa yinkqubo yezintlu zezibizo (noun class system). IsiXhosa sinezintlu zezibizo ezimalunga ne-15, apho isibizo ngasinye siphantsi koluntu oluthile olulawula izivumelanisi zesivesi sonke. Le nkqubo yenza ukuba kube lula ukulandela ukuba ngubani okanye yintoni ethetha ngayo, kwaye inika ulwimi isingqisho esikhethekileyo esaziwa ngokuba yimvano-sandi. Oku kudala imvisiswano ebonakalayo kwindlela ekuvakala ngayo isivesi sonke.
IsiSwidi sona sisebenzisa inkqubo yezini ezimbini (grammatical genders): "utrum" (common gender - amagama aphela ngo -en) kunye ne "neutrum" (neuter gender - amagama aphela ngo -ett). Olu lwahlulo alunamalunga neempawu zomzimba okanye ubume bezinto njengakwisiXhosa, kodwa lusekelwe kwimithetho yegrama kuphela. Umguquleli kufuneka aqaphele ukuba xa esusa isibizo esiXhoseni, akayi kufumana utshatiso olungqo lwesini ngesiSwidi, nto leyo efuna ulwazi olunzulu malunga nendlela izichazi (adjectives) nezimelabizo (pronouns) eziziphatha ngayo kwicala ngalinye ukuze isicatshulwa silungelelene kwaye singabi naziphene zopelo okanye zegrama.
Ukuguqulelwa Kwenkcubeko Namaqhalo (Transcreation and Idioms)
IsiXhosa lulwimi olutyebileyo kakhulu ngezaci namaqhalo (idioms and proverbs), athatha indawo ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwemihla ngemihla. Amaqhalo esiXhosa akhulela kwimbali, ulimo, imfuyo, kunye nendlela yokuphila yabantu basentshona Koloni naseMpuma Koloni. Umzekelo, iqhalo elithi "ukuhlangana kwembila zithutha" linebali lalo elikhethekileyo elingakwaziyo ukuguqulelwa ngqo ngamagama esiSwidi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yintsingiselo emalunga nengxokolo okanye impixano emalunga nokuhlangana kwabantu.
IsiSwidi naso sineseti yaso yamaqhalo namazwi afana nelithi "lagom" (elingathethi nto ngaphandle kokuba "iphakathi" okanye "anele ngokufanelekileyo") kunye nelithi "fika" (isithethe sokusela ikofu kunye nento eswiti nabasebenzi okanye abahlobo). Xa uguqulela, ukuguqulela ngqo amagama (literal translation) kudla ngokubangela ukuba isicatshulwa singavakali kakuhle okanye siphulukane nentsingiselo yaso. Kwezi meko, kufuneka inkqubo ye-transcreation (ukuyila ngokutsha isicatshulwa kulwimi olujoliswe kulo ukuze sigcine umoya ofanayo kunye nefuthe leemvakalelo) isetyenziswe ngokucophelela okukhulu ukuze isicatshulwa sithathwe njengesibhaliweyo ngqo kulwimi lwesibini.
Ukusebenzisa Isingesi Njengebhulorho (Bridge Language Pitfalls)
Ngenxa yokuba kungekho zixhobo zininzi zokuguqulela ngqo ukusuka EsiXhoseni ukuya EsiSwidini (njengezichazi-magama zesiXhosa-nesiSwidi), abaguquleli abaninzi banyanzeleka ukuba basebenzise ulwimi lwesithathu, oluhlala lulisingesi, njengebhulorho (bridge language). Nangona oku kunceda ukunika intsingiselo esiseko, kuzisa imingeni emikhulu ekufuneka iqatshelwe:
- Ukulahleka kwefuthe: Isicatshulwa sinokulahlekelwa bubunjani baso bokuqala basentsusa xa sidlula kwinkqubo yokuguqulelwa kabini phambi kokuba sifikelele esiphelweni.
- Iziphoso zentsingiselo: Isingesi singacacisa kakubi amagama athile aqulethe inkcazo ethile yesiXhosa, ize loo mpazamo idlulele nakwisiSwidi ngaphandle kokuba ihloliwe ngabasebenzisi.
- Utshintsho lwethoni: Ithoni yesiXhosa ebonisa imbeko (ukuhlonipha) ingalahleka ngokupheleleyo xa iguqulelwa kwisingesi esingenazo izakhiwo ezifanayo zembeko, nto leyo eyenza ukuba inguqulelo yesiSwidi ibe rhabxa okanye ingafaneleki kwabo baza kuyifunda.
Iingcebiso Ezibalulekileyo Kubaguquleli
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuba uguqulelo lwakho lolona lungcono kwaye lufanelekile kwiinjongo zokukhangela kwi-intanethi (SEO), landela le migaqo ilandelayo:
- Qonda umxholo (Context): Sukuguqulela amagama ngamanye. Hlaziya isivesi sonke kunye nomoya wesicatshulwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuguqulela. Oku kukhusela ukulahleka kwentsingiselo eyiyo.
- Mamela isingqisho solwimi: IsiXhosa lulwimi olunesingqisho esihle kakhulu. Qinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo yesiSwidi nayo inesingqisho sayo esisempilweni esenza ukuba ifundeke lula kwaye ibe mnandi endleleni.
- Setyenzisa izixhobo zeteknoloji ngononophelo: Izixhobo zoguqulelo zomatshini (machine translation) zisenokungaziqondi kakuhle iilwimi ezinjengesiXhosa ngenxa yokunqaba kwedatha ekwi-intanethi. Soloko ujonga kwaye uhlele umsebenzi owenziwe ngumatshini (post-editing).
- Khangela abafundi bomthonyama (Native Proofreaders): Emva kokuguqulela isicatshulwa EsiSwidini, qinisekisa ukuba umntu othetha isiSwidi njengolwimi lwakhe lwakowabo uyasifunda isicatshulwa ukujonga ukuba ngaba sivakala ngokwendalo na kwaye siyahambelana nenkcubeko yaseScandinavia.
Ukuqukumbela: Unxibelelwano Olungaphaya Kwamagama
Uguqulelo olusuka EsiXhoseni ukuya EsiSwidini lufuna okungaphezulu kokwazi nje amagama amabini. Lufuna ukwazi indlela abantu abacinga ngayo, indlela abaphila ngayo, kunye neendlela abazichaza ngayo iimvakalelo zabo kwindlela yabo yokuphila yamihla le. Ngokuhlonipha isakhiwo solwimi ngalunye kunye nenkcubeko yalo, abaguquleli banokwakha ibhulorho eyomeleleyo phakathi koluntu lwesiXhosa nolwesiSwidi, beqinisekisa ukuba akukho lwazi okanye buhle bolwimi bulahlekileyo kule nkqubo entsonkothileyo kodwa entle yezizwe ngezizwe.