Ke Kahua o ka ʻŌlelo: ʻElua Ao ʻŌlelo ʻOkoʻa loa
He mea kupaianaha ka unuhi ʻana ma waena o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a me ka ʻōlelo Nolewai (norsk). ʻO ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, he lālā ia o ka ʻohana ʻōlelo ʻAukolonesia (Austronesian), kahi i ulu mai ai ma nā kai mehana o ka Pākīpika. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka ʻōlelo Nolewai, he ʻōlelo Kelemania ʻĀkau (North Germanic) ia mai nā ʻāina anu o ʻEuropa ʻĀkau. Ma muli o kēia kaʻawale ʻana o ka honua a me ka mōʻaukala, he nui nā pilikia a me nā manawa kūpono no ka mea unuhi e hoʻokuʻi i kēia mau ao ʻelua.
Nā ʻAhaʻōlelo a me ka Hopunaʻōlelo: Mai ka VSO a i ka SVO
ʻO kekahi o nā kumu nui e nānā ai ka mea unuhi, ʻo ia ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka hopunaʻōlelo. Ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo ka lula maʻamau o ka hopunaʻōlelo, ʻo ia ka Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). Eia kekahi laʻana: "Hula ka wahine ma ka pā." (Verb: Hula, Subject: ka wahine, Locative/Object: ma ka pā). A i ʻole "Inu ka ʻīlio i ka wai." (Verb: Inu, Subject: ka ʻīlio, Object: i ka wai).
Akā, ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai, hahai ka ʻōlelo i ka lula Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) a me ka lula V2 (kahi e kū mau ai ka haʻina ma ke kūlana ʻelua o ka hopunaʻōlelo). ʻO ka unuhi ʻana o kēlā laʻana ma luna nei ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai, ʻo ia nō: "Hunden drikker vannet" (Subject: Hunden, Verb: drikker, Object: vannet). Inā hoʻomaka ka hopunaʻōlelo me kekahi ʻōlelo wehewehe manawa a i ʻole wahi, e laʻa me "I dag drikker hunden vann" (I kēia lā inu ka ʻīlio i ka wai), neʻe ka haʻina (drikker) ma ke kūlana ʻelua, a neʻe ka piko (hunden) ma hope ona. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke unuhi huaʻōlelo e like me ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻana ma ka ʻōlelo kumu; pono e wāwahi a kūkulu hou e like me ka pilinaʻōlelo Nolewai.
Nā Hōʻailona Pilinaʻōlelo: Nā Hōʻailona Māmā a me ka Huli Hemahema o ka Hōʻailona Wahine/Kāne
He ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi ke ʻano o nā pronouns (pūinoa) a me nā painu (haʻina) ma waena o kēia mau ʻōlelo ʻelua. Ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻaʻohe hōʻailona kāne a wahine paha no ka pūinoa "ʻo ia" (kūpono ia no ka "han" a me ka "hun" ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai). No laila, i ka unuhi ʻana mai ka Hawaiʻi, pono ka mea unuhi e hoʻomaopopo pono i ka pōʻaiapili (context) o ka moʻolelo e koho ai i ka pronoun kūpono ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai.
Eia kekahi, aia he ʻekolu mau grammatical gender ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai: ʻo ke kāne (hankjønn), ka wahine (hunkjønn), a me ka hapa (intetkjønn), a he pili kēia i ke ʻano o nā inoa a me nā hōʻailona wehewehe inoa (adjectives). Ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻaʻole pili ke kāne a me ka wahine i nā inoa maʻamau e like me ka pākaukau a i ʻole ka hale.
Eia hoʻi ka mea pili i nā painu. Hoʻohana ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i nā hua kōkua painu (tense/aspect markers) e like me "ua" (hōʻike i ka hana i hala), "ke nei" (hana e hana ʻia nei), a me "e ana" (hana e hiki mai ana) ma mua a ma hope paha o ka painu kumu (e laʻa: "Ua hele au", "Ke hele nei au", "E hele ana au"). Ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai, conjugated loa ʻia ka haʻina ponoʻī (e laʻa: "jeg dro", "jeg drar", "jeg skal dra"). Pono ka mea unuhi e makaʻala loa i kēia mau hōʻailona manawa Hawaiʻi i ʻole e huikau ke au o ka manawa ma ke kikokikona Nolewai.
Nā Mea Kikoʻī o ka Huapalapala a me ke Kani
He mea nui ka ʻokina (ʻ) a me ke kahakō (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū) ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Inā haʻalele ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona, e loli loa ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo (e laʻa me "kau" a me "kāu", a i ʻole "kai" a me "kaʻi"). Ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai, aia nō kā lākou mau huaʻōlelo kikoʻī me nā hōʻailona e like me ka æ, ø, a me ka å. Pēlā nō hoʻi ke kani (pitch accent) kahi e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo (e laʻa me "bønner" [beans] a me "bønder" [farmers]).
I ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ka ʻōlelo Nolewai, ʻaʻole hōʻike pololei ʻia kēia mau mea kani ma nā huaʻōlelo i unuhi ʻia, akā pono e maopopo i ka mea unuhi i ka waiwai o kēia mau hōʻailona Hawaiʻi i hiki ai iā ia ke koho i ka huaʻōlelo kūpono loa ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻole i ka ʻokina a me ke kahakō ke kumu e hewa ai ka unuhi ʻana.
Ka Unuhi ʻana i ka Manaʻo Kaona a me ka Moʻomeheu
Aia i hea ka ʻuhane o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi? Aia ia i ka mea i kapa ʻia he "kaona" — ka manaʻo hūnā ma hope o nā huaʻōlelo maʻamau. Nui nā mele a me nā moʻolelo Hawaiʻi i piha i ka metaphors e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻāina, ka ua, ka makani, a me ka pua. He mea paʻakikī loa kēia i ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Nolewai.
No laila, i ka manawa e unuhi ai i ka huaʻōlelo pua e laʻa me "pua", inā he manaʻo pili i ke keiki a i ʻole ka mea aloha, ʻaʻole paha e lawa ka unuhi ʻana iā ia he "blomst" (pua) ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai me ka wehewehe ʻole ʻana i ke kaona ma hope. Eia kekahi laʻana kaulana: ʻo ke kumu manaʻo o ka "Aloha". Inā unuhi ʻia e like me ka mea maʻamau "kjærlighet" (aloha) a i ʻole "hei" (welina), e nalowale ana ka hohonu o ke aloha Hawaiʻi — ke kaʻana like ʻana i ka hā o ke ola. I kekahi manawa, he mea kūpono ka waiho ʻana i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo Hawaiʻi (e like me Aloha, Ohana, Mana) ma ke ʻano kumu, akā e hāʻawi i ka wehewehe pōkole ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai no ka mea heluhelu.
Ka Pilina o ke Kai me ka Mauna: Nā Huaʻōlelo Hawaiʻi me nā Kūlike Nolewai
He ʻokoʻa loa ka kaiapuni o Hawaiʻi a me Nolewai. He paeʻāina mehana o ka Pākīpika ʻo Hawaiʻi, kahi e pili ai ke ola i ke kai a me ka pele. He ʻāina mauna a fiord piha i ka hau o Nolewai, kahi e pili ai ke ola i nā pine, ka hau, a me nā waʻa lawaiʻa ʻokoʻa. Pehea e unuhi ai i nā huaʻōlelo pili honua?
- Mauka a me Makai: He mau kuhikuhi Hawaiʻi koʻikoʻi kēia e pili ana i ke kuahiwi a me ke kai. Ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai, ʻaʻohe huaʻōlelo hoʻokahi e hōʻike pololei ana i kēia me ka pilina ʻāina. Hiki paha ke unuhi he "mot fjellene" (mauka) a me "mot havet" (makai) a i ʻole "ned mot sjøen".
- ʻĀina: ʻO ka ʻāina (land/that which feeds), ʻaʻole ia he "land" wale nō (kahi pālahalaha), akā he pilina ʻuhane me ka mea nāna e hānai i ke kanaka. Ma ka ʻōlelo Nolewai, pili paha kēia i ka huaʻōlelo "fedreland" a i ʻole "moder jord", akā aia ka hohonu ma ke ʻano ola o ka poʻe Hawaiʻi.
- Fjord a me ke Kai: Nui nā huaʻōlelo Nolewai no ka hau a me nā waihona wai (fjord, vik, vann, elv) e hiki ʻole ke unuhi maʻalahi i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo hoʻākāka e like me ke kai, ka nuku, a me ka muliwai.
Nā Kumu Aʻo a me nā Pāheona no ka Mea Unuhi
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka unuhi ʻoi loa mai ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a i ka ʻōlelo Nolewai, eia kekahi mau manaʻo kōkua:
- Mai hilinaʻi wale i ka Lolouila: ʻAʻole lawa nā mīkini unuhi (e like me Google Translate) no kēia mau ʻōlelo ʻelua ma muli o ke kākaʻikahi o ka ʻikepili e hoʻohui ana iā lāua. Inā hoʻohana ʻoe i ka lolouila, pono mau ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a kekahi kanaka i maopopo i nā ʻōlelo ʻelua.
- E unuhi mua i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania inā pono: Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā puke noiʻi pololei mai ka Hawaiʻi a i ka Nolewai, hiki ke hoʻohana i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania ma ke ʻano he alahaka. Akā, e makaʻala i ka nalowale ʻana o ka manaʻo ma o kēia kaʻina hana ʻelua.
- E mālama i ke kani a me ke ʻano o ke kikokikona: Inā he mele a he moʻolelo paha ka mea e unuhi ʻia nei, e hoʻāʻo e mālama i ka leo nahenahe o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo Nolewai i kūpono i ke kani a me ka manaʻo.
He huakaʻi lōʻihi ka unuhi ʻana ma waena o kēia mau kai ʻelua, mai ka Pākīpika mehana a i ka Moana ʻAtelanika ʻĀkau, akā ʻo ia ke ala e hiki ai ke hoʻolauna i nā moʻomeheu waiwai o kekahi i kekahi.