Kumasulira pakati pa zilankhulo za m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi kumafuna chidziwitso chozama cha zilankhulozowo komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula zilankhulozopo. Izi ndi zoona makamaka pomasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa (chinenero cha m'gulu la Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, ndi Zimbabwe) kupita ku Chiburmese kapena Chimyanmar (chinenero cha m'gulu la Sino-Tibetan chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Myanmar). Kumasuliraku si kusintha chabe mawu ndi mawu, koma ndiko kumanga mlatho wolumikiza mibadwo iwiri yomwe ili ndi maganizo komanso kakhalidwe kosiyana kwambiri. Womasulira aliyense amene akufuna kuchita bwino pomasulira Chichewa kupita ku Chiburmese ayenera kumvetsetsa mozama kusiyana kwa kamvekedwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu kothandiza.
Kusiyana Kwakukulu kwa Kapangidwe ka Zilankhulo Izi
Kuti womasulira athe kugwira bwino ntchito yake, choyamba ayenera kuzindikira kuti Chichewa ndi Chiburmese zili ndi kapangidwe kosiyana kwambiri ka galamala. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la chiganizo la SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), pomwe Chiburmese chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'Chichewa timayamba ndi chichitiridwa, kenako chichito, ndipo pomaliza chimene chachitiridwa chinthucho. Koma m'Chiburmese, chichito kapena verebu nthawi zonse chimabwera kumapeto kwa chiganizo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti womasulira azifufuza nthawi zonse kumene verebu lili m'chiganizo choyambirira cha Chichewa kuti alikhazikitse bwino m'Chiburmese.
Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo choti "Mnyamata anagula buku" chimasinthika kukhala "Mnyamata buku anagula" m'dongosolo la Chiburmese. Izi zimafuna kuti womasulira akhale tcheru kwambiri posintha dongosolo la mawu m'maganizo mwake asanagwiritse ntchito cholembera chake kuti apewe kumasulira kosamveka bwino kapena kosalongosoka. Ndondomeko imeneyi imakhala yovuta kwambiri mukamasulira ziganizo zazitali komanso zosamveka bwino zomwe zili ndi ziganizo zingapo zazing'ono zolumikizidwa pamodzi.
Magulu a Maina (Noun Classes) ndi Classifiers
Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu m'Chichewa ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka magulu a maina (noun classes). Chichewa chili ndi magulu a maina pafupifupi 18 omwe amatsimikizira mgwirizano wa mawu mu chiganizo chonse (concordial agreement). M'Chiburmese dongosolo limeneli kulibe. M'malo mwake, Chiburmese chimagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zowerengera kapena magulu a zinthu (numeral classifiers) potengera mawonekedwe, kukula, kapena mtundu wa chinthu chomwe chikukambidwa. Womasulira ayenera kukhala waluso kwambiri posintha mgwirizano uwu kukhala classifiers zoyenera.
Pomasulira zowerengeka kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita ku Chiburmese, womasulira ayenera kusankha "classifier" yoyenera. Ngati mukunena za anthu, zilombo, zinthu zathyathyathya, kapena zinthu zazitali, Chiburmese chili ndi mawu enieni omwe amawonjezeredwa pambuyo pa nambala. Kulephera kusankha classifier yoyenera kumapangitsa kuti chiganizo chizimveka chachilendo komanso chosapita m'mbali kwa mbadwa za ku Myanmar. Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira ayenera kukhala ndi mndandanda wathunthu wa classifiers za Chiburmese m'mutu mwake nthawi zonse akamagwira ntchito.
Mawu a Ulemu ndi Kaundula wa Chiyankhulo (Honorifics and Registers)
Zikhalidwe zonse ziwiri (za aChewa komanso aBurma) zimakonda kwambiri ulemu komanso kulemekeza anthu akuluakulu kapena maudindo. Komabe, njira yosonyezera ulemuyi m'zilankhulozi ndiyo yosiyana. M'Chichewa timagwiritsa ntchito prefixes monga "a-" (monga mwa "Abambo" kapena "aphunzitsi") komanso ma verebu a m'gulu lowonetsa ulemu (plural concord). M'Chiburmese, ulemu umawonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu owonjezera kumapeto kwa ma verebu (monga "par" kapena "bya") komanso posintha matchulidwe a anthu (pronouns) kutengera msinkhu, udindo, komanso ubale pakati pa olankhula. Kusiyana kumeneku kukapanda kuyesedwa bwino kungayambitse mikangano kapena kusalongosoka kwauthenga.
Kumasulira zolemba zamalamulo, mabuku achipembedzo, kapena mauthenga aboma kumafuna kuti womasulira adziwe bwino mbiri komanso udindo wa anthu omwe akuwayankhula kuti asankhe matchulidwe ndi mawu a ulemu oyenera m'Chiburmese. Popanda chidziwitsochi, zolemba zikhoza kuwoneka ngati zachipongwe kapena zosazama, zomwe zingawononge ubalewo komanso ukatswiri wa womasulirayo.
Mavuto a Mawu Amene Alibe Ofanana Nawo (Lexical Gaps)
Chifukwa chakuti Malawi ndi Myanmar zili m'maiko osiyana kwambiri chotsegulira mbiri, nyengo, ndi chikhalidwe, pali mawu ambiri m'Chichewa omwe alibe mawu ofanana nawo enieni m'Chiburmese, ndipo ndi chimodzimodzinso m'Chiburmese kupita m'Chichewa. Zinthu monga zakudya zamakolo (monga nsima kapena kondowole), zida zaikhalidwe (monga gule wamkulu), kapena nyengo zathu zapaderadera (monga chizimalupsya kapena kokalipsya) zimafuna njira zotsatirazi pomasulira:
- Kufotokoza (Paraphrasing): Kufotokoza tanthauzo la mawuwo m'malo mongofufuza mawu amodzi ofanana nawo. Izi zimateteza kuwonongeka kwa uthenga wofunika kwambiri m'mawu oyambirira.
- Kubwereka Mawu (Borrowing): Kusunga mawu a Chichewa momwe alili komanso kuwonjezera mafotokozedwe a m'mabokosi kapena m'mawu a m'munsi (footnotes) kuti owerenga a ku Myanmar amvetsetse.
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ofanana nawo m'Chikhalidwe (Cultural Equivalent): Kupeza chinthu chomwe chili ndi ntchito yofanana m'chikhalidwe cha aBurma ngakhale sichiri chinthu chimodzimodzi ndendende.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira a Chichewa kupita ku Chiburmese
Kuti muwonetsetse kuti ntchito yanu yamasulidwa bwino, mutha kutsatira malangizo a katswiri awa:
- Mvetsetsani Nkhani Yonsene: Musanayambe kumasulira chiganizo ndi chiganizo, werengani cholembedwa chonse cha Chichewa kuti mumvetsetse uthenga, kamvekedwe, ndi cholinga chenicheni cha wolemba cholembacho.
- Pangani Kafukufuku wa Chikhalidwe: Dziwani bwino chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Myanmar ndi kapangidwe ka mudzi wawo. Izi zikuthandizani kuti mupewe kumasulira mawu omwe angakhale okhumudwitsa kapena osamveka bwino m'dzikolo.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Zida Zamakono (CAT Tools): Gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare odalirika komanso mapulogalamu othandizira kumasulira kuti mutsimikize kusasintha kwa mawu (consistency) m'zolemba zazitali ndi zosiyanasiyana.
- Bwerezani Kuwerenga ndi Kukonza (Proofreading): Pambuyo poti mwamaliza kumasulira, lolani munthu wina yemwe amalankhula Chiburmese ngati chinenero chake cha mayi kuti awonenso ntchitoyo kuti iwonetsetse kuti ikuyenda bwino monga mwachilengedwe.
Chidule cha Njira Zofunika Kutsatira
Kumasulira kochokera m'Chichewa kupita ku Chiburmese ndi luso lomwe limafuna kuleza mtima, kafukufuku wozama, ndi kukhala wosinthika malinga ndi zosowa za chinenero chilichonse. Pomvetsetsa bwino dongosolo la SOV la Chiburmese, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka classifiers, ndi kaundula wa ulemu, womasulira amatha kutulutsa ntchito yomveka bwino, yodalirika, komanso yogwira mtima kwambiri. Kupitiliza kuphunzirapo kanthu ndi kukhala tcheru pa zosintha za zilankhulo zonse ziwiri ndiye kiyi ya chipambano chamuyaya m'ntchito yofunika kwambiriyi yomwe imathandiza kulimbikitsa ubale wabwino padziko lonse lapansi.