Mabviro neHudzamu hweMitauro yeChiShona neChiSwidhi
Kushandurwa kwemashoko kubva kuChiShona kuenda kuChiSwidhi (Swedish) inzira inoda unyanzvi hukuru nekuti inobatanidza mitauro inobva kumhuri dzakasiyana zvachose. ChiShona mutauro wechiBantu unotaurwa muZimbabwe neimwe matunhu akapoteredza, ukuwo chiSwidhi uri mutauro wechiNorth Germanic unotaurwa kuSweden nekumwe kuFinland. Kusiyana uku hakusi kwemazwi chete, asi kunosanganisira mapangidzirwo emutauro, tsika, nemagariro evanhu vanotaura mitauro iyi. Kuti mushanduri akwanise kuburitsa chinyorwa chine hudzamu, anofanira kunzwisisa mutsauko mukuru uripo pakati pezvivakwa zvemitauro miviri iyi.
Mupanda Wezvisina (Noun Classes) Kupesana neZvisarudzi zveChiSwidhi (En/Ett)
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru mukushandura kubva kuChiShona kuenda kuChiSwidhi rinobva mukusiyana kwemapangidzirwo emazita. MuChiShona, mazita akakamurwa mumipanda yakasiyana (kubva pamupanda 1 kusvika ku21), iyo inotonga zvimwe zvikamu zvose zvemutauro zvakaita sezvisarudzi, zviratidzi, nemitoo yezviito. Semuenzaniso, kana tichiti "muvhimi mukuru anovhima", muvhimi ari mumupanda 1, uye izvi zvinoita kuti chisarudzi (mukuru) nechiito (anovhima) zvitevedzere mupanda iwoyo.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mutauro wechiSwidhi hauna mipanda yakawanda kudaro. Une mapoka maviri chete emazita anozivikanwa se "utrum" (en-ord) ne "neutrum" (ett-ord). Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutauri anofanira kuziva kana zita riri rekuti "en" kana kuti "ett" kuitira kuti akwanise kushandisa chirevo chaicho (adjektiv) nemadimikira anowirirana. Paunenge uchishandura kubva kuChiShona, unofanira kudzidza mapindirwo aita mipanda yechiShona muzvisarudzi zvidiki zvechiSwidhi kuitira kuti mutsara uve nehudzamu uye urege kurasikirwa nezvinoreva mazita epakutanga.
Kuumbwa kweZviito neAgglutination
ChiShona mutauro une hunhu hwekuti "agglutinative," uko zvivakashure (prefixes), zvivakapedzisira (suffixes), nemasubfix zvakawanda zvakasiyana zvinobatanidzwa pachigadzirwa chimwe chete chechiito kuti zviratidze nguva, muiti, muitirwa, nemamwe mashoko. Semuenzaniso, izwi rekuti "ndakakushandurira" rine chivakashure chemuiti (nd-), nguva yakapfuura (-aka-), muitirwa (-ku-), mudzi wechiito (-shandur-), pamwe chete nekuwedzera kwekuti (-ira). Muzwi rimwe chete iri, mune chirevo chakazara.
Ukuwo, mutauro wechiSwidhi unotevera nzira yakasiyana. Hauna tsika yekubatanidza zvese izvi muzwi rimwe chete. Pane kudaro, unoshandisa mazwi akaparadzana (auxiliary verbs) uye mapindurirwo echiito anozivikanwa setense inflections. Kuti ushandure "ndakakushandurira" kuenda kuchiSwidhi, unofanira kushandisa mashoko anoti "jag översatte för dig." Pano tinoona kuti mutsara wacho wagadzirwa nemazwi mana akasiyana. Vanoshandura vanofanira kungwarira zvikuru pakubatanidza mazwi aya kuitira kuti asarasikirwa netsananguro yakajeka yenguva nehukama hwemazita ari muchiito chechiShona.
Kurongeka kweMashoko muChirevo (Syntax and Word Order)
Kunyange zvazvo mitauro miviri iyi ichitevedzera marongero echiito emhando yeSubject-Verb-Object (SVO), chiSwidhi chine mutemo wakasimba unonzi V2 (Verb-Second rule). Izvi zvinoreva kuti muchirevo chipi nechipi chiri pachena, chiito chikuru chinofanira kugara chiri pachinzvimbo chechipiri, kunyangwe kana tichinge tatanga nechimwe chikamu chemutsara semuenzaniso nguva kana nzvimbo. MuChiShona marongero emazwi anochinjika zvichienderana nezvinoda kusimbiswa nemutauri, uye izvi hazvina mitemo yakaoma senge V2.
Mutsauko uyu unogona kukanganisa madosi emutauro kana mushanduri akatadza kugadzirisa marongero emutauro unogamuchira (chiSwidhi). Semuenzaniso, mutsara wechiShona unoti "Nhasi ini ndiri kuenda kuchitoro" unofanira kushandurwa kucherechedzwa mutemo weV2 muchiSwidhi kuti uve "Idag går jag till affären" (Nhasi ndinoenda ini kuchitoro), kwete "Idag jag går till affären." Kutevedzera mutemo uyu kunoita kuti zvinyorwa zviSwedeke uye zvive nyore kuverenga kune vanhu vekuSweden.
Kushandurwa kweMadimikira neTsika (Cultural Transcreation)
Mitauro inofambirana netsika dzevanhu vanoitaurira. Kushandura mashoko chete (literal translation) kunogona kutadza kuburitsa mweya nemanzwiro echinyorwa chechiShona. Semuenzaniso, madimikira echiShona akaita sekuti "kuvhiya bere nemeno" kana kuti "kupfura dombo mumvura" ane zvinoreva zvakadzika mune zvemagariro eZimbabwe izvo zvisina mazwi anowirirana nawo zvakananga muchiSwidhi.
Kuti abudirire, mushanduri anofanira kushandisa nzira ye "transcreation," inova nzira yekutora pfungwa huru yechinyorwa oigadzira patsva achishandisa madimikira nemashoko anozivikanwa nevatauri vechiSwidhi. Muenzaniso uri pachena ndewekuti unogona kushandisa madimikira echiSwidhi akafanana mukureva kune awo echiShona. Tsika yechiSwidhi yenzanga yakaita se "lagom" (kusapfuuridza kana kuderedza, kuita zvine mwero) kana kuti "fika" (kumbozorora uchinwa kofi nemakeke uine shamwari) inodawo kutsanangurwa zvakanaka kana ichinge ichishandurwa kuenda kuchiShona kuitira kuti vaverengi vekuZimbabwe vanzwisise zviri kurehwa.
Mazano Anobatsira Kune Vanoshandura Zvinyorwa zveChiShona kuenda kuChiSwidhi
- Kudzidza Zvinyorwa zveMadzinza: Kuti unzwisise manzwiro akadzika emashoko, verenga zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanyorwa nevanhu vanotaura chiSwidhi cheko kuti uone mashandisirwo anoitwa mazwi emazuva ose nemutauro wepamutemo.
- Kushandisa Midziyo yeCAT (Computer-Assisted Translation): Kushandisa software yekushandura kunobatsira kuchengetedza kuwadzana kwemazwi akafanana zvakare (consistency), kunyanya kana uchishanda nemagwaro akakura ezvemutemo, zvekurapa, kana zvehunyanzvi hwemichina.
- Kutariswa Kwezvinyorwa neMutauri weko (Native Proofreading): Paunopedza kushandura, zvakakosha kuti chinyorwa chako chiongororwe nemutauri wechiSwidhi akaberekerwa mumutauro uyu kuitira kuti abvise zvikanganiso zvemashoko nemutauro zvinogona kunge zvisina kujairika munzvimbo dzechiSwidhi.
- Kudzivirira Kushandura Shoko neShoko: Rangarira nguva dzose kuti chinangwa chemushanduri ndechekuburitsa pfungwa yakajeka inonzwisisika kwete kungoisa mazwi akafanana pane rimwe doro. Maprinciple egirama anofanira kutevedzerwa zvakazara.
Kukura kweHukama hweMitauro neKukosha kwekushandura Munyika yeNhasi
Munyika yanhasi iri kuramba ichibatana kuburikidza netekinoroji nekutengeserana kwenyika dzese, kudiwa kwevashanduri vanokwanisa kubatanidza chiShona nechiSwidhi kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Kunyangwe hazvo zvinyorwa zvizhinji zvikasadaro zvichinyorwa nemitauro mikuru seChirungu, kushandura zvakananga kubva kumutauro wekutanga (source language) kuenda kumutauro wechipiri (target language) pasina kushandisa mutauro wemutsigiri (pivot language) kunobatsira kuchengetedza chokwadi uye mweya chaiwo wemagwaro. Izvi zvinoita kuti mashoko arege kurasikirwa nezvinoreva munzira uye zvinoita kuti vaverengi vave nekunzwisisa kwakadzama. Naizvozvo, kudzidza nekugona unyanzvi hwekushandura pakati pemitauro miviri iyi idanho guru rakakosha mukuvaka hukama pakati peZimbabwe nenyika dzeNordic.