Iribuhuriro n'Ingamiro z'Ihindurabahanga ry'Ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiurudu
Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ugana mu Giurudu (Urdu) ni igikorwa gisaba ubushishozi buhanitse, kuko izi ndimi zombi zituruka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose kandi zifite imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo n'umuco bitandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) runyura mu nzira yo guhuza uturemajambo (agglutinative language), mu gihe Igiurudu ari ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abahinde n'Uburayi (Indo-Aryan), rukoresha inyandiko ya Nastaliq ikomoka ku Cyarabu kandi rukandikwa kuva iburyo ugana ibumoso. Uyu muyoboro ugaragaza mu buryo burambuye amayeri, imbogamizi, n'inama zafasha umuhinduzi kugera ku musaruro mwiza, uboneye kandi uhuye n'umuco w'abasomyi b'Igiurudu.
Imiterere y'Interuro n'Ubuhamya bw'Ikibonezamvugo
Kimwe mu bintu bya mbere bigoye umuhinduzi uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Giurudu ni isano iri hagati y'imiterere y'interuro z'izi ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha imiterere y'interuro ya Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), aho ugira Nyamashyirahamwe (Subject), Inshinga (Verb), hanyuma hakaza Uwo inshinga yagiriyeho (Object). Ugereranyije, interuro nk'iyi: "Umwana ararya umutsima," ifite imiterere ya SVO.
Ku rundi ruhande, Igiurudu gikoresha imiterere ya Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Muri uyu mugambi, inshinga ijya buri gihe ku musozo w'interuro. Iyo uhinduye ya nteruro y'Ikinyarwanda mu Giurudu, ihinduka "Bacha roti khata hai" (bivuze ngo: Umwana umutsima ararya). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba gusenya buri nteruro y'Ikinyarwanda maze akayubaka bundi bushya akurikije amategeko y'Igiurudu, aho inshinga ishyirwa ku musozo naho ingereka ikajya hagati y'insanganyamatsiko n'inshinga. Ibi bisaba kwitonda kugira ngo ubusobanuro bw'interuro butaza guhinduka cyangwa ngo interuro igaragare nk'iyahinduwe n'imashini.
Ibyiciro by'Amazina n'Ibihebyi by'Ikibonezamvugo
Ikinyarwanda kizwiho kugira sisitemu rikomeye ry'inteko z'amazina (noun classes) zigera kuri 16. Izi nteko zikora ku buryo buri zina rigira akajambo k'imbere (prefix) gahindura uburyo ibinyazina cyangwa inshinga bikorana na ryo mu nteruro. Urugero, inteko ya mbere (umuntu, umugabo) yitwara ku buryo butandukanye n'inteko ya karindwi (igiti, ikintu). Ubwo bwumvikane bw'ikibonezamvugo ni inkingi ikomeye mu Kinyarwanda.
Igiurudu cyo ntigikoresha inteko z'amazina, ahubwo gikoresha igitsina cy'amazina cy'ikibonezamvugo (grammatical gender), aho amazina yose agabanywamo amagabo (masculine) n'amagore (feminine). Urugero, ijambo "igitabo" (kitab) mu Giurudu gifatwa nk'igitsina-gore, mu gihe "ikaramu" (qalam) ifatwa nk'igitsina-gabo. Ibi bivuze ko inshinga n'amatagatifu (adjectives) bigomba guhinduka kugira ngo bihure n'igitsina cy'iryo zina. Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza igitsina cy'amazina mu Giurudu kugira ngo yope gufata icyemezo kosa, kuko ibi bishobora guhindura rwose imyandikire y'interuro yose n'ubwumvikane bwayo.
Imico n'Imvugo z'Amashyengo n'Icyubahiro
Umuco w'Abanyarwanda utandukanye cyane n'umuco w'abavuga Igiurudu (benshi muri bo batuye muri Pakisitani n'Ubuhinde). Ibi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mvugo z'ikigereranyo n'imigenurano. Urugero, imvugo z'Ikinyarwanda zishingiye ku nka, ubuhinzi, cyangwa imisozi (nk'imvugo ngo "Amata n'ubuki" cyangwa "Guca mu ryhumye") ntizishobora guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi mu Giurudu kuko zahita zitakaza ubusobanuro. Aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi, umuhinduzi agomba gushaka imvugo ihuye n'iyo mu muco w'Igiurudu ikoresha ibimenyetso n'ingero zikoreshwa muri ako karere ka Aziya y'Epfo.
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ni icyubahiro (honorifics). Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha ijambo "mwe" nk'inyazina y'icyubahiro iyo tuvugana n'umuntu mukuru cyangwa uwo twubashye. Mu Giurudu, sisitemu y'icyubahiro (izwi n'izina rya 'Adab') irakomeye cyane kandi ihambaye. Gukoresha inyazina "Aap" (y'icyubahiro) n'inshinga zihuye na yo ni itegeko iyo uhindura inyandiko z'ubuyobozi, iza kinyamwamba, cyangwa izivuga ku bantu bakuru. Gukoresha "Tum" cyangwa "Tu" (bidafite icyubahiro) bishobora gufatwa n'abasomyi nk'agasuzuguro gakomeye, kabone n'ubwo mu Kinyarwanda cy'umwimerere nta gasuzuguro kaba kagambiriwe.
Ubumenyi ku Nkoranyamagambo z'Idini n'Imibereho
Urugero rw'idini n'imibereho narwo rurakomeye cyane. Igiurudu cyakiriye amagambo menshi aturuka mu Cyarabu n'Igipesi (Persian), cyane cyane amagambo ajyanye n'idini ya Islam, umuco, n'amategeko. Iyo uhindura inyandiko ivuga ku Mana cyangwa ku myizerere kuva mu Kinyarwanda (aho amagambo menshi y'idini yakuwe mu Bukristu n'umuco gakondo), umuhinduzi agomba gufata ingamba zikomeye. Gukoresha amagambo nk' "Allah" cyangwa "Khuda" mu Giurudu bigomba guhuzwa n'imiterere y'inyandiko n'intego yayo kugira ngo bidateza urujijo ku basomyi b'Igiurudu bafite imyizerere n'imico yihariye.
Inama Zikomeye ku Bahinduzi b'Inzobere
- Iga gukoresha uburyo bwo Kwandika kuva Iburyo ugana Ibumoso (RTL): Kubera ko Igiurudu cyandikwa kuva iburyo ugana ibumoso, umuhinduzi agomba gukoresha porogaramu zishobora guhindura imiterere y'ipaji (layout alignment) kugira ngo inyandiko isomeke neza kandi igaragare neza ku rupapuro cyangwa ku rubuga rwa interineti.
- Irinde guhindura ijambo ku rindi: Buri gihe wibande ku busobanuro bw'interuro yose (transcreation) aho kwibanda ku amagambo umwe ku wundi, kuko guhindura ijambo ku rindi bituma inyandiko y'Igiurudu irangwamo amakosa menshi y'ikibonezamvugo.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo z'inzobere: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo nyinshi zikora neza hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiurudu, umuhinduzi akunze gukoresha ururimi rw'icyongereza nk'ikiraro. Ibi bisaba kwitonda kugira ngo ubusobanuro bwa gatatu butaza kuzana amakosa muri imwe mu ndimi zombi.
- Soma kandi unonosore inyandiko yawe: Inyandiko irangiye igomba gusomwa n'umuntu uvuga Igiurudu nk'ururimi rwe rwamavuko (native speaker) kugira ngo arebe niba isomeka neza, ifite injyana n'umuco bikwiye kandi ko nta makosa y'ikibonezamvugo arimo.