Isiseko Seelwimi: Ukuthelekisa IsiXhosa Kunye NesiBurmese
IsiXhosa lolunye lweelwimi ezisemthethweni eMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siphantsi kweelwimi zesiBantu (Bantu languages) ezaziwa kakhulu ngokusetyenziswa kwezivumelanisi kunye neeklasi zezibizo ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba ngamaqela ezibizo (noun classes). Oku kwenza isiXhosa sibe lolulwimi oludityaniswayo ngokweprayimari (agglutinative language), apho izimaphambili nezimamva zidityaniswa kwisiqu sesenzi okanye sezibizo ukubonisa ixesha, isimo, kunye nobudlelwane begrama. Kwelinye icala, isiBurmese (okanye ulwimi lwaseMyanmar) silulwimi lweSino-Tibetan olufumaneka kuMzantsi-Mpuma we-Asiya. Oku kwenza isakhiwo sayo sibe ngolwahluke ngokupheleleyo kwisiXhosa, kuba sona silulwimi olungadityaniswayo noluzimeleyo (analytic/isolating language), apho amagama amaninzi azimele kwaye isakhiwo semisho silawulwa ke ngokusetyenziswa kwamasuntswana egrama (grammar particles) kunokuba kutshintshwe izimaphambili.
Omnye wemiba ebaluleke kakhulu ekufuneka umguquleli ayiqwalasele yintambo okanye ucwangco lwamagama esivesi (word order). IsiXhosa silandela indlela eqhelekileyo ethi Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), apho umenzi aza kuqala, kulandele isenzo, kuze kulandele into eyenziwayo okanye umamkeli wesenzo. Nangona kilo, isiBurmese sibambelele kwisakhiwo se-Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Oku kuthetha ukuba xa uguqulela umbhalo osuka kwisiXhosa, kufuneka uphinde ucwangcise umbhalo wakho ngokupheleleyo ukuze isenzi sibe sekugqibeleni kwesivesi. Umzekelo, isivesi esithi "Umfundi ufunda incwadi" kwisiXhosa kufuneka sakhiwe ngolu hlobo kwisiBurmese: "Umfundi incwadi ufunda". Ukungakwenzi oku kuzisa ukungaqondakali nokuphazamiseka kolwimi kubafundi baseBurma.
Ulawulo Lwexesha (Tenses) Kunye Nendlela Yokubonisa Iziganeko
KwisiXhosa, ixesha lesenzo liboniswa lula ngokusetyenziswa kwezivumelanisi zexesha kunye nezimamva (umzekelo: -ile, -za, -ya). Oku kunika ulwazi oluthe ngqo malunga nokuba isenzo senzeke nini, nokuba siyenzeka ngoku okanye siza kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo. KwisiBurmese, isondo lesenzi asitshintshi ngokwendlela yexesha. Kunoko, ulwimi lwaseMyanmar lusebenzisa amasuntswana exesha alandela isenzi ukuze libonise ukuba isenzo sigqityiwe na okanye siseza kwenzeka. Le nkqubo yenza ukuba uguqulelo lokuzenzekela lusilele, kuba oomatshini bahlala bephazama ekuchazeni ixesha elichanekileyo elaziwa ngokuba yi-tense okanye i-aspect.
Ngenxa yoko, abaguquleli kufuneka babe nobuchule bokufunda phakathi kwemigca ukuze baqonde ixesha kunye nentlonipho ekufuneka ibonisiwe. Ukuze umbhalo uvakale ngathi ubhalwe ngumntu othetha isiBurmese njengolwimi lwakhe lweenkobe, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo indlela emisiweyo yasekuhlaleni yokuchaza iziganeko ezidlulileyo nezo zizayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igrama engeyiyo eyendalo kule nkqubo ye-SOV.
Inkcubeko, Izimelabizo Kunye Nentlonipho Elulwimini
Inkcubeko yesiXhosa inenkqubo ebanzi kakhulu yokuhlonipha, eyaziwa ngokuba lolwimi lokuhlonipha (hlonipha system). Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa amagama athile okanye ukufaka ezinye izandi endaweni yoko kufuneka kuphetshwe ngenxa yentlonipho. Ngokufanayo, isiBurmese sinenkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu yokuhlonipha esekelwe kubudlelwane bezentlalo, ubudala, inkolo, kunye newonga lomntu othetha naye. KwisiBurmese, kukho izimelabizo (pronouns) ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswayo kuxhomekeke ekubeni uthetha nabani kwaye ungubani na wena.
Umzekelo, isigama esisetyenziswa xa uthetha nemonki yamaBhuda sahluke ngokupheleleyo kwisigama esisetyenziswa xa uthetha nomntu oqhelekileyo okanye umntwana. Xa uguqulela amaxwebhu asuka kwisiXhosa anjengeentshumayelo, iincwadi zemfundo, okanye imithetho yasekuhlaleni, kubalulekile ukukhetha amagama kunye namasuntswana ahloniphekileyo afana nelithi "kyaing" okanye "par" kumacandelo afanelekileyo ukuze umbhalo unganikezi inkangeleko yendelelo okanye ukungabi nalo ulwazi lwenkcubeko yasekuhlaleni eMyanmar.
Ukusetyenziswa Kwezibali (Classifiers) KwisiBurmese
Enye yezinto ezinkulu ezahlulayo ezi lwimi zombini yindlela yokubala izinto. IsiXhosa sitsalela izivumelanisi kwizibizo ezininzi kunye neeklasi zazo (umzekelo: abantu ababini, izitulo ezibini). KwisiBurmese, izinto azibalwa nje ngokufaka inani ecaleni kwesibizo. Kunoko, isiBurmese sisebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuba zizibali (numeral classifiers). Ezi zibali zithatha iifom ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kudidi lwento ebalwayo.
Umzekelo, ukuba ubala abantu, usebenzisa isibali esithile; ukuba ubala izilwanyana, usebenzisa esinye; ukuba ubala izixhobo zokubhala okanye izinto ezisicaba, kukho izibali ezikhethekileyo ezo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umguquleli kufuneka aqonde ngokucacileyo ubume bezinto ezikumbhalo wesiXhosa ngaphambi kokuba aziguqulele kwisiBurmese, ukuze afake isibali esichanekileyo ngasemva kwenani nesibizo kwisivesi saseMyanmar.
Ii-Aesthetics kunye ne-SEO ekuguquleleni kwi-Intanethi
Ekubeni eli lifomathi yokuguqulela kwi-intanethi, umgangatho we-SEO (Search Engine Optimization) udlala indima enkulu. Ukuze abantu baseMyanmar bakwazi ukufumana olu lwazi ngokulula kwiinjini zokukhangela ezinjengeGoogle, abaguquleli kufuneka babhale imibhalo yabo besebenzisa amagama aphambili (keywords) asetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngabantu baseMyanmar. Oku kufuna ukuba kwenziwe uphando lwamazwi abalulekileyo kwisiBurmese kunokuguqulela amagama alula avela kwisiXhosa.
Ukongeza, kukho ingxaki yefonti eMyanmar ebisoloko ikhona iminyaka emininzi. Kukho font ezimbini eziphambili: iZawgyi (font engasebenzisi migaqo yamazwe ngamazwe) kunye ne-Unicode (font esemthethweni kwaye eyamkelweyo hlabathi lonke). Namhlanje, imigaqo ye-SEO ifuna ukuba yonke imibhalo ibhalwe nge-Unicode standard. Ukuba umbhalo wakho oguqulelweyo ubhalwe ngeZawgyi font, iinjini zokukhangela aziyi kukwazi ukuwufunda ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye abafundi abaninzi basebenzisa Unicode baziya kufumana imibhalo ebonakala iphazamisekile (broken characters). Ngoko ke, ukuhambelana ne-Unicode kubaluleke kakhulu ekufikeleleni kubafundi be-intanethi.
Iingcebiso Eziluncedo Kakhulu Kuguqulelo Oluyimpumelelo
Ukuba ufuna ukwenza uguqulelo olucacileyo noluthembekileyo, landela ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo:
- Ungasebenzisi Uguqulelo lwaMagama ngamagama (Literal Translation): Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu wegrama kunye nesakhiwo sentlalo, ukuguqulela igama ngegama kuzisa iziphumo ezimbi. Soloko ugxininisa kwintsingiselo yomxholo uphelele.
- Sebenzisa Abaphuhlisi nabaHleli basekuhlaleni (Native Proofreaders): Emva kokugqiba uguqulelo lwakho, thumela umbhalo wakho kumguquleli othetha isiBurmese njengolwimi lwakhe lweenkobe ukuze ahlolisise ukuba ngaba isigama, izibali, kunye neetoni zibhaliwe ngendlela echanekileyo na.
- Ukwakhiwa kweGloshari (Glossary Creation): Dala uluhlu lwamagama ahambelanayo nalawo axhaphakileyo kumacandelo ombini ukunqanda ukungaguquguquki kwengqiqo nokuqinisekisa ukuba isigama soshishino okanye sobuchule sisetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo kuyo doomed.