Kumasulira mawu kuchokera m'chinenero cha Chichewa kupita m'chinenero cha Chipolishi (Polish) ndi ntchito yomwe imafunika luso lazanzeru komanso kumvetsetsa kwambiri kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe ndi kamangidwe ka zilankhulozi. Chichewa, chomwe ndi chinenero cholankhulidwa kwambiri m'maiko a pakati ndi kumwera kwa Africa monga Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique, chiri m'gulu la zilankhulo za Chibantu (Bantu languages). Kumbali ina, Chipolishi ndi chinenero cha ku Europe chomwe chili m'gulu la zilankhulo za Chisilaviki (Slavic languages). Kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ntchito yomasulira pakati pa zilankhulozi ikhale yokondweretsa komanso yodzaza ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana.
Kusiyana kwa Kapangidwe ka Galamala ndi Kamangidwe ka Chiganizo
Mbali yofunika kwambiri yomwe wotanthauzira mawu aliyense ayenera kuiganizira ndi kapangidwe ka galamala. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito magulu a maina (noun classes) omwe amatsogolera mgwirizano wa mawu m'chiganizo (concordial agreement). Mwachitsanzo, ngati dzina lili m'gulu la anthu (Gulu 1/2), mavesi komanso ziwonetsero zonse m'chiganizo zimasintha kuti zigwirizane ndi gulu limenelo. Chitsanzo ndi mawu oti "Mwana uyu amakonda kuwerenga" pomwe "Mwana" amatsogolera matchulidwe a "uyu" ndi "amakonda".
Koma mu Chipolishi, zinthu ziliri mosiyana kwambiri. Chipolishi chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa "declension" (kusinthasintha kwa mawu potengera ntchito yawo m'chiganizo). M'chinenero cha Chipolishi muli ma khesi (cases) okwana asanu ndi awiri (mianownik, dopełniacz, celownik, biernik, narzędnik, miejscownik, wołacz). Izi zikutanthauza kuti dzina limodzi likhoza kusintha mapeto ake m'njira zosiyanasiyana malingana ndi ngati lili chinthu chochitiridwa, chochititsa, kapena malo omwe chinthu chidachitikira. Izi zimasintha kwambiri matanthauzo, ndipo wotanthauzira mawu wochokera m'Chichewa ayenera kukhala tcheru kwambiri kuti asankhe mawu oyenera malingana ndi dongosolo la khesi yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuphatikiza apo, mu Chipolishi muli magulu a jenda (genders) atatu: yaimuna (masculine), yaikazi (feminine), ndi yosakuzindikira (neuter). Chichewa chilibe magulu a jenda otengera ziwalo za thupi kapena chilengedwe champhongo ndi chachikazi m'njira yomwe iliri mu Chipolishi, koma chili ndi magulu a maina opitilira khumi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti posinthitsa mawu kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chipolishi, wotanthauzira mawu ayenera kudziwa jenda ya chinthu chilichonse kuti athe kusintha ma adjectives ndi ma verbs moyenera.
Zovuta Zomwe Zimapezeka Pakumasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chipolishi
Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu ndiko kumasulira mawu ogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe. Zilankhulo zonsezi zili ndi mbiri komanso chikhalidwe chosiyana kwambiri. Chichewa chili ndi mawu omwe ali ndi tanthauzo lakuya m'chikhalidwe cha ku Malawi ndi madera ozungulira, monga "ufulu", "nsima", "gule wamkulu", kapena "chisoni". Mawu ngati "nsima" sangathe kumasuliridwa mwachindunji mu Chipolishi chifukwa chakuti chakudya chimenechi sichipezeka ku Poland. Wotanthauzira amafunika kulongosola chakudyacho monga "kasha z mąki kukurydzianej" (phala la ufa wa chimanga) kapena kusunga mawu oyambawo ndi kuwonjezera mawu ofotokozera.
Mofananamo, Chipolishi chili ndi mawu ambiri a chikhalidwe cha ku Europe omwe alibe m'Chichewa, makamaka zokhudzana ndi nyengo ya chisanu (winter) kapena chikhalidwe cha matchalitchi achikhristu a Katolika omwe akhazikika kwambiri ku Poland. Choncho, wotanthauzira amagwiritsa ntchito luso lotchedwa "transcreation" (kumasulira kopanga zatsopano zofananira) kapena kufotokoza tanthauzo lake m'malo momasulira mawu ndi mawu (word-for-word translation).
Vuto lina ndi matanthauzo a mawu achibale. Mu Chichewa, tili ndi mawu monga "chemwali", "chimwene", "amayi amng'ono", kapena "amalume", omwe amafotokoza ubale wa anthu m'njira yozama kwambiri kuposa zilankhulo za ku Europe. Mu Chipolishi, ubale wa m'banja umafotokozedwa mwachidule, ndipo nthawi zambiri samasiyanitsa ubale pakati pa mlongo kapena mchimwene wamkulu kapena wamng'ono pokhapokha mutafotokoza. Kumasulira mawu awa amafunika chidwi chachikulu kuti usasokoneze chithunzi cha ubale chomwe chili m'lembo loyambirira.
Malangizo Ogwira Mtima kwa Otanthauzira Mawu
Kuti mukwaniritse kumasulira kwapamwamba komanso kothandiza, nawa malangizo omwe mungagwiritse ntchito:
- Mvetsetsani Nyengo ndi Nkhani (Context): Nthawi zonse muziyamba mwa kuwerenga lembo lonse kuti mumvetse cholinga ndi uthenga wake musanayambe kumasulira. Izi zimathandiza kupewa kumasulira molakwika mawu omwe ali ndi matanthauzo angapo.
- Phunzirani Galamala ya Chipolishi Moyenera: Chifukwa chakuti Chipolishi chili ndi galamala yovuta kwambiri ya ma khesi ndi ma jenda, wotanthauzira aliyense ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti mapeto a mawu onse akugwirizana bwino. Gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare a galamala ngati muli ndi nawo mafunso.
- Sinthani Mawu Otengera Chikhalidwe: Pewani kumasulira mawu ndi mawu. M'malo mwake, yesetsani kupeza njira zomwe owerenga a ku Poland angamvetse uthengawo popanda kuvutika kapena kudziona ngati akutsimikiziridwa zinthu zachilendo.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Zida Zamakono (Translation Tools): Zida monga CAT Tools (Computer-Assisted Translation) zingakhale zothandiza posunga mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi (translation memories). Komabe, kumbukirani kuti zida izi sizikumvetsetsa chikhalidwe komanso nkhani zakuya, choncho kuunikira kwa munthu n'kofunika kwambiri.
- Werenganso Ntchito Yanu: Mukamaliza kumasulira, patulani nthawi yowerenganso lembo lanu la Chipolishi popanda kuyang'ana lembo la Chichewa. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muwone ngati chiganizo chilichonse chikulira mwachibadwa komanso ngati chili chodzaza ndi ukhondo wa chinenerocho.
Mapeto ndi Chidule cha Njira Zabwino
Kumasulira pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chipolishi ndi mlatho wofunika kwambiri polumikiza anthu a ku Malawi ndi a ku Poland. Kudziwa kusiyana kwa kamangidwe ka zilankhulozi ndiko chinsinsi cha kumasulira kothandiza. Pokhala wotanthauzira mawu, kukhala tcheru, kufufuza zambiri, komanso kukhala ndi chikondi pa zilankhulo zonse ziwiri kudzakuthandizani kupereka ntchito yomwe ili yolondola, yomwe imalemekeza chikhalidwe, komanso yomwe imakondweretsa owerenga anu onse.