Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Lihitwanyani (Lithuanian) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'imiterere y'indimi zombi, kuko zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Ikibantu runyura mu nzira y'amatabura (agglutinative language), aho amagambo aremwa hashingiwe ku mizi y'inshinga cyangwa amazina yongerwaho uduhoro (prefixes) n'udutsindirano (infixes and suffixes) twerekana inteko, umubare, igihe n'icyerekezo. Ku rundi ruhande, Ilihitwanyani ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'Indo-Burayi, by'umwihariko mu itsinda ry'indimi za Baltike, rikaba rizwiho kugira imiterere ishingiye cyane ku migaragarire y'amazina n'inshinga (highly inflected language). Muri uru rurimi, isano iri hagati y'amagambo mu nteruro yerekanwa n'ingereka zihinduka (endings/suffixes) zigaragaza ikibonezamvugo, aho kugira ngo hakoreshwe amagambo yigenga nka kirombere cyangwa uduhoro nk'uko bimeze mu Kinyarwanda. Umuhinduzi agomba gusobanukirwa neza iri tandukaniro rishingiye ku nkomoko kugira ngo yambure inyandiko imiterere y'ururimi rw'inkomoko (source language) maze ayambike iy'ururimi rw'icyerekezo (target language) nta gufata ibyerekezo n'amajwi ku buryo bucuritse.
Inteko z'Amazina mu Kinyarwanda n'Imigaragarire y'Amazina (Declensions) mu Lihitwanyani
Kimwe mu bintu bigoye cyane mu guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Lihitwanyani ni isano iri hagati y'inteko z'amazina (noun classes) zo mu Kinyarwanda n'ubwoko bw'amazina (grammatical genders and cases) zo mu Lihitwanyani. Ikinyarwanda kigira inteko z'amazina zirenga cumi na zirindwi (16 to 19 classes), zishingiye ku kintu kivugwa (abantu, ibintu, inyamaswa, ibiti, n'ibindi) kandi buri nteko ikagira akajwi k'inyongera kayiranga mu nshinga no mu binyazina. Mu Lihitwanyani, nta nteko z'amazina zihari nk'izo mu Kinyarwanda; aho ari ho, amazina agabanwamo ibyiciro bibiri by'ubwoko: ay'igabo (masculine) n'ay'igore (feminine). Kuri ibi hiyongeraho ko amazina mu Lihitwanyani ahindurwa mu bihe n'ingingo zirindwi (seven grammatical cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, Locative, and Vocative). Ibi bivuze ko ijambo rimwe ry'izina rishobora guhindura impera yaryo mu buryo bw'amatsinda atandukanye hashingiwe ku ruhare rwaryo mu nteruro. Umuhinduzi agomba kubona neza uburyo inteko y'izina mu Kinyarwanda (nk'inteko ya 3 n'iya 4 z'ibiti, cyangwa inteko ya 7 n'iya 8 z'ibintu bitagira ubuzima) ishyirwa mu gice cy'igabo cyangwa cy'igore mu Lihitwanyani, kandi agahitamo isano ikwiriye y'ikibonezamvugo (case ending) kugira ngo itumanaho rirusheho kumvikana kandi risomeke neza.
Inshinga, Ibihe n'Uburyo: Gukoresha Inshoza Zikwiriye mu Lihitwanyani
Mu bijyanye n'inshinga, Ikinyarwanda kigira uburyo bukize bwo kugaragaza ibihe bitandukanye, harimo ibihe bya hafi (immediate past/future) n'ibihe bya kure (remote past/future), bikaniyongeraho uduhoro twerekana icyerekezo cy'igikorwa n'ugikorerwa muri ya nshinga nyine (applicative, causative, reciprocal, passive voices, and object infixes). Mu Lihitwanyani, ibihe by'inshinga biri mu buryo busanzwe (ahashize, ahazaza, n'ubu) ariko hakoreshwa uburyo bwihariye bw'inshinga bwerekana niba igikorwa cyararangiye burundu (perfective aspect) cyangwa niba kigikomeza (imperfective aspect). Izi nshoza zombi zigaragazwa n'agahoro gashyirwa imbere y'inshinga (prefixes) cyangwa impinduka mu muzi wayo. Mu guhindura, umuhinduzi agomba gusesengura inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo omenye neza igihe nyacyo igikorwa cyabereye n'uburyo cyakozwemo, maze ahitemo inshinga yo mu Lihitwanyani ifite agahoro gasobanura neza icyo gikorwa. Niba Ikinyarwanda gikoresha inshinga "aramubwira" (kugaragaza igikorwa kigikomeza cyangwa cy'akanya kadasanzwe), umuhinduzi agomba gushaka isano mu Lihitwanyani yerekana niba ari ukubwira gukomeza (kalbėti/pasakoti) cyangwa se niba ari uguhita abwira rimwe gusa (pasakyti).
Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo: Kuziba Icyuho cy'Umuco
Umuco w'Abanyarwanda n'uw'Abalihitwanyani ifite inkomoko n'amateka bitandukanye cyane, kandi ibi bigaragarira mu mvugo z'ikigereranyo, imigani, n'inyito z'ibintu bya buri munsi. Mu Kinyarwanda, imigani n'imivugo myinshi ishingiye ku nka, ubworozi, imisozi, n'ubumwe bw'imiryango, mu gihe mu Lihitwanyani usanga imvugo zabo z'ikigereranyo zishingiye cyane ku mashyamba, inyamaswa z'ishyamba (nk'ikirura cyangwa idubu), amahembe y'intama, n'ikirere cy'imbeho. Guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) mu gihe uhuye n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo bishobora gutuma inyandiko ihinduka itagira icyo isobanura cyangwa ikagira undi mushyikirano utari uwo yari ifite. Umuhinduzi agomba gukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura bushingiye ku nshoza cyangwa se "transcreation" (guhindura uhindura umuco), aho ashaka imvugo yo mu Lihitwanyani ifite icyo isobanura gihuye neza n'icyo Ikinyarwanda cyashakaga kuvuga. Urugero, imvugo nka "kumena umutwe" mu Kinyarwanda (gusobanura gutekereza cyane cyangwa kugira amakenga) ntabwo yahindurwa mu Lihitwanyani ngo hishwe imitwe cyangwa ngo icikemo ibice, ahubwo hagomba gukoreshwa imvugo nk'iya "laužyti galvą" (kumena umutwe/gutekereza cyane) isanzwe ikoreshwa muri urwo rurimi.
Inama Zifatika Zafasha Umuhinduzi Professional mu Kazi ke Kuri Izi Ndimi
Kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduwe neza kandi igire ireme ku buryo ihangana neza ku mbuga zinyuranye (SEO optimization), dore bimwe mu byo abahinduzi n'abanditsi b'inyandiko bagomba kwitaho:
- Gukora urutonde rw'amagambo (Glossary) mbere yo guhindura: Mbere yo gutangira umushinga, kusanya amagambo y'ingenzi akunze gukoreshwa mu ngano y'inyandiko maze ushake amagambo ahwanye na yo neza mu Lihitwanyani kugira ngo inyandiko yose igire ubumwe bw'inyito (consistency).
- Gusesengura no gusubiramo interuro ndende: Ikinyarwanda gikunda gukoresha interuro ndende zifite ibinyazina n'inshinga zikurikirana. Mu Lihitwanyani, ni byiza gutandukanya izo nteruro ukazigira ngufi kandi zumvikana neza, ukoresha ibimenyetso by'akabago n'akavirgule mu buryo bukwiriye.
- Gusuzuma neza imyandikire y'indimi zombi: Mu Lihitwanyani hari inyigisho y'inyajwi n'ingombajwi zikoresha utumenyetso twihariye (nka ą, č, ę, ė, į, š, ų, ū, ž). Kutabikoresha neza bishobora guhindura rwose isobanurampaka y'ijambo cyangwa bikagaragara nka makosa y'imyandikire akomeye.
- Kwitondera imyandikire y'amazina y'abantu n'ay'ahantu: Amazina y'ahantu n'ay'abantu mu Kinyarwanda agomba guhindurwa hashingiwe ku buryo Ilihitwanyani ryakira amazina y'amahanga, rigashyiraho impera zerekana ikibonezamvugo cyaryo (urugero: "Rwanda" igahinduka "Ruanda" cyangwa "Ruandoje" mu buryo bwo kwerekana ahantu).
- Gukoresha abasomyi b'inzobere (Proofreading): Buri gihe inyandiko ihinduwe igomba gusomwa n'umuntu uvuga Ilihitwanyani nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) kugira ngo harebwe niba nta mvugo z'akazuba cyangwa imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo cy'Ikinyarwanda cyagumye mu nyandiko nshya.