Gusesengura Imiterere y'Interuro: SVO y'Ikinyarwanda n'Imyubakire ya VOS mu Kinyamalagasi
Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujjana mu Kinyamalagasi (ururimi ruri mu muryango w'indimi za Ositironeziya rukoreshwa muri Madagasikari) bisaba kumva neza isano n'itandukaniro rikomeye riri hagati y'izi ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda cyo kigengwa n'imiterere y'interuro ya Nyamikuru-Nshinga-Nyakuzuzwa (Subject-Verb-Object cyangwa SVO). Urugero, iyo tuvuze ngo "Umwana ararya ibirayi", "Umwana" ni Nyamikuru (Subject), "ararya" ni Inshinga (Verb), naho "ibirayi" bikaba Nyakuzuzwa (Object).
Ibi bihabanye cyane n'Ikinyamalagasi, kuko cyo gikoresha imyubakire y'interuro ya Nshinga-Nyakuzuzwa-Nyamikuru (Verb-Object-Subject cyangwa VOS) nk'ururimi rw'ibanze. Iyo uhindura iyi nteruro mu Kinyamalagasi, inshinga niyo iza mbere, hagakurikiraho inyandiko cyangwa ikintu gikorwaho, hanyuma Nyamikuru (umukozi w'igikorwa) ikaza inyuma y'ibindi byose. Iri hinduranya ry'imyanya y'amagambo rishobora kugora umuhinduzi utabyitayeho, kuko gukurikiza imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda bihita bihindura inyandiko iy'ikinyamalagasi idasobanutse cyangwa itubahirije amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo cyabo. Umuhinduzi agomba buri gihe gusenya interuro y'Ikinyarwanda akayungurura mbere yo kuyisanisha n'iyi myubakire ya VOS.
Inteko z'Amazina mu Kinyarwanda n'Imikoreshereze y'Ibihe mu Kinyamalagasi
Ikinyarwanda nka kimwe mu ndimi zo mu muryango wa Bantu, kigengwa cyane n'inteko z'amazina (Noun Classes) ziva ku nteko ya 1 kugeza ku nteko ya 20. Buri zina rigira inteko ririmo, kandi iyi nteko igena uburyo inshinga, ibihereranye n'inyajwi, cyangwa ibyerekana (demonstratives) bihamanya naryo. Ibi bituma Ikinyarwanda kigira imiterere y'akajagari k'utugereka tw'imbere (prefixes) dushobora guhindura isura y'inshinga cyangwa ibihesi byose by'interuro.
Ku rundi ruhande, Ikinyamalagasi ntigira inteko z'amazina nk'iz'Ikinyarwanda. Aho kugira inteko, gikoresha utugereka tw'imbere n'utw'inyuma (prefixes na suffixes) kugira ngo kigaragaze isano iri hagati y'amazina n'inshinga. Nyamara ariko, Ikinyamalagasi gifite uburyo bukomeye bwo kwerekana ibihe by'inshinga (Tenses) binyuze mu guhindura utugereka tw'imbere tw'inshinga nyamukuru. Muri rusange, inshinga mu Kinyamalagasi zikoresha utugereka tw'imbere dutandukanye: "m-" ryerekana igihe kirimo (present), "n-" rikamamyi igihe cyashize (past), naho "ho-" cyangwa "h-" rikagaragaza igihe kizaza (future). Ibi bivuze ko aho Ikinyarwanda gikoresha uturemajambo twinshi nka "-ra-", "-a-", "-za-" n'utundi, Ikinyamalagasi cyo cyibanda ku nteruro yoroheje ariko ifite imirego y'igihe isobanutse neza mu ncamake y'akagereka k'imbere ku nshinga.
Ibibazo by'umuco n'amagambo adafite insimburano izwi
Indimi zombi zikomoka mu mico itandukanye rwose. Ikinyarwanda gikura imyvugire yacyo mu muco w'ubworozi n'ubuhinzi bwo mu karere k'Imisozi Miremire ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, naho Ikinyamalagasi kigakura imyvugire yacyo mu muco w'ibirwa by'inyanja ya Buhindi na Aziya y'amajyepfo y'uburasirazuba (Austronesian background). Ibi bituma hari amagambo menshi y'umuco cyangwa ibiribwa, imigenzo, n'imyizerere bidafite amagambo ahwanye neza mu rurimi rwa kabiri.
Urugero, amagambo ajyanye n'inka, inyana, ibiraro n'amata mu Kinyarwanda afite ibisobanuro byinshi n'inyito zihariye zishingiye ku myage n'imikurire y'inka. Mu Kinyamalagasi, nubwo bafite amatungo nka "omby" (inka), ntibafite amagambo atanga itandukaniro ryimbitse nk'iryo mu Kinyarwanda. Ku rundi ruhande, amagambo ajyanye n'inyanja, uburobyi bw'imyhengeri, ubwoko bw'imicanga, n'ibimera byo mu mazi mu Kinyamalagasi afite amagambo yihariye adashobora kuboneka mu Kinyarwanda cyavukiye mu gihugu kidakora ku nyanja (landlocked country). Muri ibi bihe, umuhinduzi agomba gukoresha uburyo bwo gusobanura ijambo (paraphrasing) cyangwa gukoresha amagambo asanzwe ariko yunganirwa n'ibisobanuro by'inyizihize (contextual explanation) kugira ngo atabyaza inyandiko ibisobanuro bitari byo.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gukurikiranya imirimo mu guhindura inyandiko
Kugira ngo inyandiko ihindurwe neza kuva mu Kinyarwanda ijya mu Kinyamalagasi, umuhinduzi agomba gukurikiza intambwe zikurikira:
- Gusoma no Kumva Itekerezo ry'Ibanze: Mbere yo gutangira guhindura ijambo ku rindi, umuhinduzi agomba gusoma inyandiko yose y'Ikinyarwanda, akayumva neza, akamenya intego yayo n'abo igenewe.
- Gushakisha Amagambo Akomeye: Gushakisha amagambo y'umuco, ay'ikoranabuhanga cyangwa amagambo yihariye y'ishami runaka, no kubaka inkoranyamagambo ntoya (glossary) mbere yo gutangira umushinga.
- Guhindura Imiterere y'Interuro (Restructuring): Guhindura imyandikire hagendewe ku mategeko ya VOS y'Ikinyamalagasi. Iri ni ryo humure rikomeye ry'ubuhinduzi kuko bisaba kwitonda kugira ngo Nyamikuru idatakaza uruhare rwayo mu nteruro nshya.
- Gukosora no Gusoma bwa Kabiri: Nyuma yo guhindura, inyandiko y'Ikinyamalagasi igomba gusomwa n'undi muntu ufite urwo rurimi nka gakondo (native speaker) kugira ngo arebe niba isomeka neza kandi mu buryo bugaragara nka kamere y'ururimi.
Gukoresha Uburyo bw'Inyego no Kwiregura (Passive and Active Voices)
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi cyane kiranga Ikinyamalagasi ni uko gikoresha cyane uburyo bw'inyego (passive voice) cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kwibanda ku gikorwa (circumstantial/focus voice) kurusha uko gikoresha uburyo bw'imvugo ntekerezo (active voice). Mu Kinyarwanda, tuvuga cyane mu buryo bw'imvugo ntekerezo nk'iyo tuvuga ngo "Yohana yashyize igitabo ku meza". Ariko mu Kinyamalagasi, akenshi usanga interuro ifata ishusho y'inyego cyangwa iyerekeza ku kintu gikorwaho: "Igitabo cyashyizwe ku meza na Yohana" (ariko mu myubakire yabo y'ikibonezamvugo).
Ibi bivuze ko iyo umuhinduzi asomye interuro y'Ikinyarwanda yanditse mu buryo bw'imvugo itaziguye (active voice), agomba kuyisanisha neza n'imiterere y'Ikinyamalagasi aho inshinga ikoresha uburyo bw'inyego kugira ngo interuro yumvikane neza nk'iyanditswe n'umwenyegihugu wa Madagasikari. Ibi bisaba kumenya neza inyerekezo z'inshinga z'Ikinyamalagasi zishobora guhinduka inshuro eshatu cyangwa zirenga (Active, Passive, and Circumstantial voice). Gufata gusa inshinga y'impitagihe y'Ikinyarwanda ukayihindura mu buryo bw'imvugo itaziguye mu Kinyamalagasi bishobora gutuma inyandiko igira imvugo idasanzwe (unnatural tone) kandi itajyanye n'imyandikire y'ikoranabuhanga, iy'itangazamakuru cyangwa iy'ubuvanganzo.
Inama z'Inzobere ku Bahinduzi b'izi ndimi
Kugira ngo ugere ku buhinduzi bw'indashyikirwa, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba kuzirikana:
- Irinde guhindura ijambo ku rindi (Literal Translation): Guhindura ijambo ku rindi bitera urujijo kubera ko imiterere y'interuro y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikinyamalagasi itandukanye cyane. Buri gihe hindura igitekerezo (meaning-based translation).
- Zirikana Utwuguruzo n'Utwuzuzo tw'Ikinyamalagasi: Mu Kinyamalagasi, agaciro k'ijambo gashobora guhinduka cyane bitewe n'utwuguruzo (determiners) nka "ny", "an-", cyangwa "i-". Ni ngombwa kumenya uburyo bikoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo intego y'inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda itarara.
- Koresha Ikoranabuhanga ry'Ubuhinduzi ariko urishishoze: Nubwo imashini zihindura (nka Google Translate cyangwa izindi) zishobora gufasha mu kwihutisha akazi, ntizikunze kumva imiterere ya VOS n'imico y'izi ndimi zombi. Buri gihe igikozwe n'imashini kigomba gusesengurwa n'umuntu (Human-in-the-loop).
- Itondere Ibinyazina ngeneri n'Ibinyazina ngenga: Ikinyamalagasi gifite uburyo butandukanye bwo kwerekana nyir'ikintu (possession) binyuze mu guhuza izina n'akagereka k'inyuma (possessive suffixes) nka "-ko" (wanjye), "-ny" (cye/cyabo). Ibi birasaba ubwitonzi kuko mu Kinyarwanda ibi byerekanwa n'ijambo ryiteguye nka "wanjye", "cyabo" riza nyuma y'izina.