Ukuvuleka komhlaba jikelele kwezokuxhumana nebhizinisi sekwenze ukuthi kube nesidingo esikhulu sokuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezingafani neze ngemvelaphi nangokwakheka kwazo. Enye yalezo zindlela zokuhumusha eziyinselelo enkulu kodwa futhi ezivula amathuba amaningi amasha ukuhumusha kusuka olimini lwesiZulu, olungolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika, ukuya olimini lwesiJavanese (isiJavane), olukhulunywa yizigidi zabantu esiqhingini saseJava e-Indonesia. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlose ukuhlaziya kabanzi le ndlela yokuhumusha, ubonise izinselelo ezikhona, futhi unikeze amacebo angasiza abahumushi ukuba baveze umsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu noqondakala kalula kubalaleli baseJava.
Ukwahluka Kwezakhiwo Zolimi Phakathi KwesiZulu NesiJavanese
IsiZulu singolunye lwezilimi zomndeni wamaBantu (Niger-Congo), kanti isiJavanese singesomndeni wezilimi ze-Austronesian. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zombili lezi zilimi zinemithetho ehluke ngokuphelele yokwakheka kwemisho kanye nesizinda sezimpande zamagama, okwenza inqubo yokuhumusha idinge ubuchwepheshe obujulile nolwazi olubanzi lolimi lomthombo nololimi oluyisisulu.
Olimini lwesiZulu, isakhiwo solimi sithembele kakhulu ezigabeni zamabizo (noun classes). Isivumelwano senhloko nesenzo sibaluleke kakhulu ukwakha umusho ozwakalayo nonemithetho efanele. Isibonelo, uma uthi "Abantu abakhulu bahamba ngokushesha," izivumelwano "aba-" kanye no-"ba-" zikhombisa ukuthi sikhuluma ngebizo elisesigabeni sokuqala sabantu (abantu). Ukuhumusha lesi sakhiwo esiJavanese kudinga ukunakisisa ngoba isiJavanese asinaso isistimu yezigaba zamabizo efana neyazo zilimi zamaBantu. Kuphinde kube nesidingo sokuguqula isenzo ngendlela engafani nendlela yesiZulu, lapho izenzo zesiJavanese zithatha izijobelelo (suffixes) nezilethi (prefixes) ezikhombisa isenzo esenziwayo noma uhlobo lwesihloko ngendlela ehlukile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiJavanese saziwa kakhulu ngezindlela zaso zokuhlonipha (speech registers) noma amazinga enkulumo. Amazinga enkulumo olimini lwesiJavanese ahlanganisa i-Ngoko (inkulumo evamile engahlelekile), i-Krama Madya (inkulumo ehloniphayo elingene), ne-Krama Inggil (inkulumo ehlonipha kakhulu esetshenziswa lapho kukhulunywa nabantu abasezingeni eliphakeme noma abadala). Lapho umhumushi ehumusha esuka NgesiZulu eya NgesiJavanese, inselelo enkulu ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi amazinga enkulumo elifanele umongo wombhalo. Uma umbhalo uqondiswe kubantu abavamile nontanga, kumele kusetshenziswe i-Ngoko, kodwa uma kuwumbhalo wesikhulu, wezenkolo, noma wezomthetho, kumele kusetshenziswe amazinga e-Krama.
Amazinga Enkulumo Nendlela Yokuhlonipha Olimini LwesiJavanese
Enye yezinto ezinkulu okumele umhumushi wesiZulu oya esiJavanese azazi kahle kakhulu yilezi zinga zokukhuluma ezichazwe ngenhla. Nasi isifingqo esibonisa umehluko nokuthi lokhu kukuthinta kanjani ukuhumusha ngendlela efanele:
- Ngoko: Le ndlela isetshenziswa lapho kukhulunywa nontanga, abangane abaseduze, noma lapho umuntu omdala ekhuluma nomncane. Lapho uhumusha imibhalo ejwayelekile yezokuxhumana, izincwadi zezingxoxo zansuku zonke, noma imibhalo yezinkundla zokuxhumana, leli zinga livame ukuba yilo elifanele kakhulu.
- Krama: Lona yizinga elisemthethweni nelokuhlonipha. Lisetshenziswa phakathi kwabantu abangazani kahle, emihlanganweni esemthethweni, noma lapho kukhulunywa nabantu abadala. Imibhalo yezomthetho, izindaba zezezimali, kanye nemiyalelo yezinkampani kumele ihunyushelwe kuleli zinga ukuze kugwenywe ukwedelela noma ukubukeka ungenaso isithunzi.
- Krama Inggil: Leli yizinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhlonipha, elibhekiswe kubantu abahlonishwa kakhulu emphakathini, abaphathi benkolo, noma ezikhundleni eziphezulu zikahulumeni. Ukusebenzisa igama elingafanele kuleli zinga kungathathwa njengokweyisa okukhulu kwamasiko.
Ukuqhathanisa Isiko le-Ubuntu NeSiko LaseJavanese
Ukuhumusha akukhona nje ukushintsha amagama kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye; kumayelana nokuhumusha amasiko nezinkolelo zabantu. Umqondo wesiZulu othi "Ubuntu" (ukuthi umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu) ugcwele kakhulu ezincwadini nasemibhalweni yesiZulu. Lo mqondo ugcizelela ubumbano, inhlonipho, ukwamukela abanye, nokwabelana. Lapho uhumushela lo mqondo olimini lwesiJavanese, umhumushi kumele afune imiqondo efanayo esikweni laseJavanese.
Esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zomqondo ofana no-Ubuntu esikweni laseJavanese yimiqondo emibili ebalulekile: "Rukun" (okusho ukugcina ukuzwana, ukuthula, nobungane emphakathini) kanye nelithi "Tepo Sliro" (okusho ukuzwela abanye, ukubeka umuzwa wakho esimweni somunye umuntu ngaphambi kokwenza isenzo). Lapho uhumusha imibhalo ekhuluma ngobudlelwano babantu noma imibhalo yomphakathi esuka ngesiZulu, le miqondo kumele isetshenziswe ngobunono ukuze umbhalo ube nesisindo esifanayo kubafundi baseJava.
Isiko laseJavanese liphinde ligcizelele kakhulu ukugcina ukuthula nokugwema ukungqubuzana okuqondile (avoiding direct confrontation). Lokhu kusho ukuthi imisho yesiZulu ekhuluma ngokuqondile, ngamandla, noma ngendlela eqinile kakhulu kumele ithanjiswe kancane lapho ihunyushelwa esiJavanese ukuze ihambisane nendlela yabo yokukhuluma ngenhlonipho, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yincazelo yokuqala yombhalo.
Izinselelo Ezijwayelekile Zokuhumusha Kusuka NgesiZulu Ukuya NgesiJavanese
Kunamaphuzu ambalwa ayizinselelo ezinkulu kubahumushi kulezi zilimi zombili okumele babhekane nawo ngobuchule:
- Ukuntuleka Kwezichazamazwi Eziqondile: Ngomlando, akukho zichazamazwi ezanele ezihumusha ngqo kusuka ngesiZulu kuya ngesiJavanese noma ukusuka ngesiJavanese kuya ngesiZulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abahumushi kuvame ukusebenzisa ulimi lwesithathu, njengesiNgisi noma isi-Indonesian, njengebhuloho lokuhumusha. Lokhu kudala ingozi yokulahleka kwemininingwane ethile ehlobene namasiko ngesikhathi sokuhumusha kabili.
- Izisho Nezaga Zamasiko: Izaga zesiZulu ezinjengokuthi "Indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili" noma "Ikhuni liyazalela umlotha" zinezincazelo ezijulile ezihambisana nemvelo, izilwane, nendlela yokuphila yamaZulu. Ukuhumusha lezi zaga ngezwi ngezwi kungadala ukuthi zingazwakali nhlobo esiJavanese noma zidlulise umqondo ongalungile. Kumele umhumushi athole izaga ezilinganayo esiJavanese ezinomqondo ofanayo wesiko nezifundo.
- Amagama Ezinto Zasekhaya (Cultural Realia): Amagama afana nokuthi "isibaya", "amalobolo", "umembeso", noma "umbondo" anencazelo eqondile neyingqayizivele esikweni lesiZulu. Olimini lwesiJavanese, lezi zinto azikho noma zikhona ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu ngokomkhosi nemithetho yendawo. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nalokhu ukusebenzisa incazelo ehambisana nesenzo noma ukuchaza igama ngamafuphi ngaphakathi kombhalo ukuze umfundi waseJava aqonde umongo wendawo yesiZulu.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Okuhumusha Ngempumelelo
Ukuze ube ngumhumushi ophumelelayo waleli qoqo lezilimi futhi usize amabhizinisi nezinhlangano ukuxhumana ngendlela efanele, nazi izindlela ezingakusiza ukuba uthuthukise umsebenzi wakho:
- Hlaziya Umongo Nabalaleli Abayisisulu: Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhumusha, buza ukuthi ngubani ozofunda lo mbhalo. Ingabe ngabantu abasha baseJava basemadolobheni abajwayele inkulumo ekhululekile? Noma ingabe ngabantu abadala baseJava basemakhaya lapho inhlonipho yolimi ibaluleke kakhulu khona? Lokhu kuzokusiza ukhethe izinglinganiso ezifanele zolimi lwesiJavanese (i-Ngoko noma i-Krama) kusenesikhathi.
- Gwema Ukuhumusha Ngezwi Ngezwi: Sebenzisa indlela yokuhumusha ehambisana nencazelo yomqondo (dynamic equivalence). Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu lapho ubhekana nezakhiwo zemisho ezihlukene kakhulu phakathi kwe-agglutinative grammar yesiZulu kanye nezinkulumo ezithambile neziyinkimbinkimbi zesiJavanese.
- Sebenzisa Amathuluzi Wokuhumusha Nokuqinisekisa Asezingeni: Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezichazamazwi ezibhekanene ngqo, sebenzisa izichazamazwi ezisezingeni eliphezulu zesiNgisi nesiZulu kanye nalezo zesiNgisi nesiJavanese. Lapho uqeda, thola umdabu waseJava (native speaker) ozobuyekeza umsebenzi wakho ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi uzwakala kahle, ugeleza kahle, futhi awunazo iziphambeko zamasiko ezingabangela ukungaqondani.
- Gcizelela Ukufunda Izincwadi Zendabuko: Funda imibhalo ebhaliwe yazo zombili lezi zilimi ukuze uqonde kangcono izindlela zokubhala izindaba, ukusebenzisa izihlanganiso zemisho, kanye nemisho yokuguquguquka eyamukelekayo ngokwemfundo yazo zombili izilimi.
Ukuhumusha kusuka ngesiZulu ukuya ngesiJavanese kunesisindo esikhulu ekwakheni ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zizwe zombili ezicebile ngomlando namasiko. Ngokulandela lezi zindlela, ukubekezela, ucwaningo olunzulu, kanye nokuqonda okujulile kwamasiko nomoya wolimi ngalunye, ungakwazi ukuhumusha imibhalo ngendlela enembile, ethobela amasiko, nehlonipha izilimi zombili.