Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda utazishyira mu Giaisilande (Icelandic) ni umurimo usaba ubuhanga buhanitse n'ubushishozi bwihariye. Izi ndimi zombi zituruka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose: Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Ikibantu rurangwa n'imiterere ihambaye y'amakiriro (agglutinative language), mu gihe Ikiaisilande ari ururimi rw'Ikijamani cy'Amajyaruguru (North Germanic language) rukomera ku muco wacyo w'imyandikire gakondo n'imiterere ikomeye y'amakase (inflectional system). Iyi mfashanyigisho igamije kugaragaza inzira n'uburyo bwo guhindura inyandiko neza hagamijwe kubungabunga icyo umwanditsi yashakaga kuvuga, humurikwa ibibazo by'ikibonezamvugo, inshinga, n'umuco w'ibyo bihugu byombi.
Imiterere y'Indimi: Isesengura ry'Amakiriro n'Ibyiciro by'Amagambo
Mu Kinyarwanda, ijambo ryubakwa binyuze mu guteranya uturemajambo (prefixes, infixes, suffixes) ku mushingi w'ijambo. Ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes) nibyo bigenga amategeko yose y'ikibonezamvugo. Mu Kinyarwanda harimo ibyiciro by'amazina 16 (nk'inteko y'abantu, ibintu, inyamaswa, n'ibindi), kandi ibi byiciro bigena uburyo inshinga, ibihereranyabantu, n'amategeko y'ubwumvikane bw'amagambo mu nteruro bikora.
Ku rundi ruhande, Ikiaisilande gishingiye ku mategeko ahambaye y'inyunge z'amagambo (declensions and conjugations). Aho kuba inteko z'amazina, Ikiaisilande gikoresha ibitsina bitatu by'ikibonezamvugo (igitsina-gabo, igitsina-gore, n'igitsina-ngore cyangwa "neuter"). Ikigeretse ku bitsina, amazina, ibinyazina, n'ibihebyi bihinduka hashingiwe ku makase ane (cases): Nominative (inyajambo), Accusative (icyuzuzo kiziguye), Dative (icyuzuzo kitaziguye), na Genitive (uburyo bw'inyandiko yerekana uwenye). Ibi bituma umuhinduzi agomba gusobanukirwa neza inshingano y'ijambo mu nteruro y'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo ahe ijambo ry'Ikiaisilande iforomo ikwiriye.
Ibibazo by'Ingutu mu Kibonezamvugo n'uburyo bwo kubikemura
Mu gihe uhindura ugana mu Giaisilande, hari ibintu by'ibanze ugomba kwitondera mu kibonezamvugo:
- Ibinyazina n'Inteko z'Amazina: Mu Kinyarwanda, dushobora kugira inteko zerekana ubwinshi cyangwa ubumwe mu buryo bworoshye. Mu Giaisilande, ugomba guhuza izina n'igitsina cyaryo ndetse n'iforomo y'ikase ikwiriye. Umwanditsi agomba kwitonda kuko izina ry'igitsina-gabo mu Kinyarwanda (nk'umugabo) rishobora guhinduka igitsina-ngore mu Giaisilande bitewe n'ijambo ryatoranyijwe.
- Ingereka z'amazina (Articles): Mu Kinyarwanda nta ntegeka z'amazina zihariye zibaho (nta "the" cyangwa "a/an" ifatika), kuko ibi byumvikana mu nteruro cyangwa mu mbanzirizamarara. Mu Giaisilande, nta ngerera y'indanga (indefinite article) ibaho, ariko ingereka y'integeka (definite article) yomekwa ku mpera y'izina (nk'urugero: "hús" - inzu, "húsið" - ya nzu). Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya igihe cyo kuyomekaho n'igihe cyo kuyireka.
- Isanisha ry'amagambo: Mu Kinyarwanda, isanisha rikorwa hakoreshejwe uturemajambo tw'ubwumvikane bw'inteko (concordial agreement). Mu Giaisilande, ibyiyumvo byose (adjectives) bigomba guhuzwa n'izina mu gitsina, mu bwinshi/bumwe, ndetse no mu makase ane, ibyo bikaba bisaba gusesengura cyane izina riherereye mu nteruro.
Isano y'Ibihe by'Inshinga n'Imikoreshereze yabyo
Ikinyarwanda gifite ibihe by'inshinga bishobora kuba bigoye cyane kubera ko byerekana n'isano y'igihe ibikorwa byabereyeho (igihe cyahise gishize, igihe cyahise kitararenga, igihe kizaza cya hafi, igihe kizaza cya kure). Mu Giaisilande, ibihe by'inshinga by'ibanze ni bibiri gusa: igihe cy'ubu (present) n'igihe cyahise (past). Ibindi bihe byose byubakwa hakoreshejwe inshinga-mfasha (nk'inshinga "hafa" - kugira, cyangwa "vera" - kuba).
Umuhinduzi asabwa kwitwararika cyane kuko mu Kinyarwanda inshinga ishobora kumvikana ifite intege z'uburyo ikorwamo (nk'inyongerabyerekano cyangwa imbanzirizampinga). Mu Giaisilande, hagomba gukoreshwa inshinga zifite imiterere ikomeye (strong verbs) cyangwa izoroshye (weak verbs) zihindura inyajwi z'imbere mu mushingi w'ijambo (ablaut/umlaut). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi adashobora guhindura ijambo ku rindi ahubwo agomba guhindura igitekerezo cyose mu buryo bwumvikana mu Giaisilande gikoresha inshinga-mfasha zikwiriye.
Guhuza Umuco n'Amagambo y'Imigenzo (Transcreation)
Indimi zombi zifite inkomoko mu mico itandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda gifite amagambo n'imvugo zishingiye ku bworozi bw'inka, ubuhinzi, imibanire y'abantu, n'amateka y'u Rwanda. Ikiaisilande cyo gishingiye ku mategeko ahambaye y'inyunge z'amagambo (declensions and conjugations). Aho kuba inteko z'amazina, Ikiaisilande gikoresha ibitsina bitatu by'ikibonezamvugo (igitsina-gabo, igitsina-gore, n'igitsina-ngore cyangwa "neuter"). Ikigeretse ku bitsina, amazina, ibinyazina, n'ibihebyi bihinduka hashingiwe ku makase ane (cases): Nominative (inyajambo), Accusative (icyuzuzo kiziguye), Dative (icyuzuzo kitaziguye), na Genitive (uburyo bw'inyandiko yerekana uwenye). Ibi bituma umuhinduzi agomba gusobanukirwa neza inshingano y'ijambo mu nteruro y'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo ahe ijambo ry'Ikiaisilande iforomo ikwiriye.
Urugero, amagambo nk' "amata", "inka", cyangwa "umuganda" afite ibisobanuro byimbitse mu muco w'u Rwanda. Guhindura "umuganda" ukafatira ijambo rimwe ry'Ikiaisilande bituma habaho gutakaza ubusobanuro bwaryo bw'umuco. Aho guhindura ngo "samfélagsþjónusta" (imirimo y'inyungu z'abaturage zitegetswe), umuhinduzi ashobora gukoresha uburyo bwo gusobanura cyangwa gufata ijambo ry'umwimerere hanyuma agashyiraho ibisobanuro by'inyongezo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, imvugo z'Ikiaisilande zerekeye ibirunga, urubura, cyangwa inyanja zigomba guhindurwa mu buryo bwumvikana ku munyarwanda utazi ibyo bintu rwose.
Inama Zikomeye ku Bahinduzi b'Umwuga
Kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduwe mu Giaisilande ibe nziza kandi inoze, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- Irinde Guhindura Ijambo ku Rindi (Word-for-Word Translation): Kubera ko Ikiaisilande n'Ikinyarwanda bifite imiterere itandukanye y'interuro, guhindura ijambo ku rindi bituma inyandiko ihinduka umurego kandi ntisomeke neza. Banza usome interuro yose, uyisobanukirwe, hanyuma uyandike mu Giaisilande ukoresheje imvugo isanzwe ikoreshwa n'Abaisilande.
- Koresha Ibitabo by'Imvugo z'Ikiaisilande Gakondo (Icelandic Purism): Ikiaisilande ni ururimi rurinda cyane imyandikire yarwo ku buryo rutarangwamo amagambo y'amahanga. Aho gukoresha amagambo y'icyongereza cyangwa igifaransa ahindurwa mu buryo bw'amajwi, Abaisilande bahimba amagambo mashya ashingiye ku mizi y'ururimi rwabo (nk'urugero: "tölva" ryakomotse kuri "tala" - umubare, na "völva" - umupfumu, bishaka kuvuga mudasobwa). Umuhinduzi agomba gushakisha amagambo gakondo yemewe y'Ikiaisilande aho gukora inyunge z'amagambo y'amahanga.
- Suzuma neza Imiterere y'Amakase (Case Concordance): Witondere cyane ikoreshwa ry'inshinga zitegeka ikase runaka (dative cyangwa accusative). Mu Giaisilande, inshinga nyinshi zitegeka ko ijambo riza nyuma yazo riba riri mu buryo bwa Dative cyangwa Accusative, ibi bikaba bitandukanye cyane n'uburyo Ikinyarwanda gikoresha icyuzuzo kiziguye kitagira impinduka y'izina.
- Koresha Abasomyi b'Inzobere b'Abaisilande (Native Editors): Kubera ko Ikiaisilande ari ururimi rufite amategeko menshi atandukanye y'imyandikire n'ikibonezamvugo kitagereranywa n'izindi ndimi, ni ngombwa ko inyandiko ihinduwe isuzumwa n'umuntu uvuga urwo rurimi ku buryo bw'amavuko kugira ngo yemeze ko inyandiko ifite umuziki gakondo w'ururimi (natural flow).
Mu gusoza, guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Giaisilande ntabwo ari uguhindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni uguhuza imico, imitekerereze, n'uburyo bwo kubona isi bw'abantu batuye mu bihugu bitandukanye cyane mu bipimo by'isi n'umuco. Kubahiriza amategeko y'indimi zombi no gusobanukirwa neza imikoreshereze y'inshinga n'amakase mu Giaisilande ni ryo banga ryo kugera ku nyandiko inoze, isomeka neza, kandi ifite ireme ry'umwuga.