Ukuguqulelwa kweelwimi kusoloko kuluhambo oluntsonkothileyo nolubangelwa ngumdla omkhulu, kodwa xa ujongene neelwimi ezimbini ezivela kwiintsapho ezahluke ngokupheleleyo, lo msebenzi uba ngumngeni ongaphaya kwesiqhelo. IsiXhosa, esilulwimi lwemveli lwaseMzantsi Afrika oluphantsi kwentsapho yeelwimi zeBantu (Niger-Congo), kunye nesiHungary (Magyar), esilulwimi lwe-Uralic oluthethwa embindini weYurophu, zizilwimi ezineempawu ezizodwa kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuguqulela ukusuka kolunye ulwimi uya kolunye akufuni nje kuphela ulwazi lwamagama kodwa kufuna nokuqonda okunzulu kwesakhiwo seelwimi neentsingiselo zenkcubeko ezingemva kwazo. Eli nqaku liza kugxila kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana negrama, isigama, izithintelo wenkcubeko, kunye neendlela zokujongana nemiceli-mngeni evela kule nkqubo yezolwimi ukuze kuqinisekiswe uguqulelo olufanelekileyo nolukwizinga eliphezulu.
Isakhiwo SeeLwimi Ezincamathelisayo (Agglutination) kunye neGrama
Nangona isiXhosa nesiHungary zivela kwiimbombo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba kwaye ingenanto yakwenza enye kwenye ngokwembali, zabelana ngeyona mpawu ibalulekileyo yokwakheka kwamagama: zombini ziilwimi ezincamathelisayo (agglutinative languages). Oku kuthetha ukuba amagama akhiwa ngokuncamathelisa izimamva (suffixes) okanye izimaphambili (prefixes) kwingcambu yegama ukwenza intsingiselo entsha okanye ukubonisa ubudlelwane begrama obuntsonkothileyo. Lo mlinganiselo ufana kakhulu kodwa indlela osalelwa ngayo emhlabeni yahluke ngokupheleleyo.
Kwicala lesiXhosa, ulwimi luxhomekeke kakhulu kwizimaphambili (prefixes) kunye nezigaba zezibizo (noun classes). Isivumelwano sentloko (subject concord) kunye nesivumelwano sento (object concord) zihambelana ngqo nodidi lwesibizo kwaye zincamatheliswa ngaphambili kwisenzi. Umzekelo, kwigama elithi "ababuyanga" (aba-buya-nga), isiphambili elithi "aba-" sibonisa udidi lwabantu abaninzi, elandela ingcambu yegama elithi "-buya", ize isiphelo esithi "-nga" sibonise ulandulo lwemeko yexesha elidlulileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni isivesi sibe neendawo ezininzi ezihambelanayo ngokwezandi nezimaphambili.
Kwicala lesiHungary, ulwimi lona alunamaphambili kwaphela kwiimpawu zegrama zolwakheko lwesibizo, kodwa luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwizimamva (suffixes) ezinde nezininzi. Umzekelo okhawulezayo ligama elithi "házam" (indlu yam), elifumana izimamva ezingakumbi njengakwigama elithi "házamban" (endlwini yam), apho isimumva esithi "-am" sibonisa umnikazi (yam) kwaye isimumva esithi "-ban" sibonisa indawo (endlwini). IsiHungary sineekheyisi (grammatical cases) ezingaphezu kwe-18 ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukubonisa isikhundla nesenzo sebizo kwisivesi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukuguqulela kube yinkqubo efuna ucoceko olukhulu engqondweni yomguquleli.
Ukuhambelana Kwezandi kunye nePhonology
Omnye umba ekufuneka umguquleli awuthathele ingqalelo enkulu kukuphinyiselwa kwezandi kunye nemithetho yokuvisisanisa izandi. KwisiHungary, kukho umthetho ongqongqo we-Vowel Harmony (ukuhambelana kwezikhamiso). Oku kuthetha ukuba izimamva ezongezwayo kwizibizo kufuneka zihambelane nezikhamiso ezikwingcambu yegama—nokuba zezangaphambili (front vowels ezifana no-e, i, ö, ü) okanye zezasemva (back vowels ezifana no-a, o, u). Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuba igama liphinyiselwa ngokuselula nangokungenamagingxigingxi kwaye unika ulwimi isandi esifanelekileyo nesinesingqi esithile.
KwisiXhosa, nangona kungekho vowel harmony efana nale yesiHungary, kukho ukhuphelo lwezandi (vowel coalescence kunye ne-vowel elision) apho izikhamiso ezidityaniswayo ziguqukayo ukwenza isandi esinye esithambileyo (umzekelo: a + i = e, okanye a + u = o) ukunqanda ukungqubana kwezikhamiso. Umguquleli kufuneka abe neso elibukhali lokubona ezi nguqu zexesha elidlulileyo nelizayo ukuze akwazi ukwakha izivesi eziyilelwe ukuba zifundeke lula kwaye zihambelane nethoni yokwenyani yazo zombini ezi lwimi.
Izakhiwo Zezenzi Kunye Noguqulelo Lwexesha phakathi kwezi Lwimi zombini
Isenzi yeyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo neyintsika kuzo zombini ezi lwimi, kodwa indlela yokubonisa ixesha (tense) kunye neemeko zesenzi (aspect) iyahluka kakhulu. KwisiXhosa, ukuhamba kwexesha kuboniswa ngokucacileyo ngezimaphambili nezimamva ezahlukeneyo zexesha elidlulileyo, elizayo, nelikhoyo (umzekelo: ndiya, ndatsho, ndiza kutsho, ndandisenza). Kukho futhi neziphumo zezenzi (verbal extensions) ezinjenge-passive, causative, kunye ne-reciprocal eziguqula intsingiselo yesenzi (umzekelo: -bona -> -bonana -> -bonisa).
KwisiHungary, kukho amaxesha amabini kuphela okuzoba izenzi (elikhoyo nelidlulileyo), kwaye ixesha elizayo liboniswa ngokusebenzisa izenzi ezithile zenguqu okanye isenzi esincedisayo esithi "fog" esidibanisa nesenzi esikhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba umguquleli kufuneka afumane iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokubonisa umehluko omncinci wexesha elidlulileyo lesiXhosa (umzekelo, umehluko phakathi kwexesha elidlulileyo elingagqitywanga neligqityiweyo) esebenzisa izimaphambili zezenzi zesiHungary (verbal prefixes) ezifana no-"meg-", "el-", okanye "ki-", ezibonisa ukuba isenzo sigqityiwe okanye sinecala elithile elijolise kulo.
Ukongeza koku, isiHungary sisebenzisa indlela yokudibanisa izenzi ejolise kwizinto ezichaziweyo (definite/objective conjugation kunye ne-indefinite/subjective conjugation). Oku kuthetha ukuba isiphelo sesenzi siyaguquka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni into ekuthethwa ngayo icacisiwe na okanye ayicaciswanga. Oku kufuna ukuba umguquleli wesiXhosa aqonde kakuhle ukuba umxholo wesiXhosa uthetha ngento ethile (the) okanye nje nayiphi na info (a/an), nangona isiXhosa singenazo izihloko (articles) kodwa sisebenzisa izivumelwano kunye nomxholo ukubonisa umehluko.
Imingeni Yenkcubeko Nokusetyenziswa Kwezaci Namagqabantshintshi
Uguqulelo olufanelekileyo alugcini nje ngokuguqulela amagama, kodwa luguqulela inkcubeko nendlela yokucinga yabantu. KwisiXhosa, kukho iingqiqo ezifana no-"Ubuntu" (ubuntu bukakhethwa, ubuntu bam bubuntu bakho), "Ukulobola" (intlawulo okanye isipho esinikwa intsapho yomfazi phambi kokuba kutshakwe), okanye "Ukweshwama" ezinzulu kakhulu ngokwembali nendlela yokuphila yamaXhosa. Akukho magama afana nala kwaphela kwisiHungary kwaye akukho nezo zithethe kwiYurophu esembindini.
Umguquleli kufuneka asebenzise ubuchule bezichazi (descriptive translation) okanye aguqule ngokomxholo (transcreation) ukuze umfundi waseHungary aqonde ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo engephi yengcaciso ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yintsingiselo yasekuqaleni. Ngokufanayo, inkcubeko yaseHungary inezithethe zayo kunye nezidlo zasekuhlaleni (ezifana ne-"Gulyás" okanye "Pálinka", kunye nemikhosi yendawo) ekufuneka ziboniswe ngendlela eqondakalayo kumfundi waseMzantsi Afrika. Umzekelo, ukuguqulela isaci sesiXhosa esithi "ukumisa ngento emnyama" okanye "injengele ayityiwa zimbila" kufuna uqheliso kunye nengqiqo yokufumana izaci ezilinganayo kwisiHungary endaweni yokuguqulela igama ngalinye njengoko linjalo.
Amacebiso Abalulekileyo Kuguqulelo Oluyimpumelelo
Ukuba ufuna ukuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka EsiXhoseni uya EsiHungary, nazi iingcebiso ezibalulekileyo eziza kuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wakho ukwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu:
- Kupheleni ukuguqulela igama ngegama (Literal Translation): Oku kungabangela ukuba isivesi singabi nangqondo ngenxa yokwahluka kwendlela yokubeka amagama (word order). IsiXhosa silandela inkqubo ye-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), ngelixa isiHungary silandela inkqubo exhomekeke kakhulu ekubeni yeyiphi inxalenye yesivesi egxininisiweyo (Topic-Focus structure) apho isenzo siza kuqala okanye sibe sekupheleni ngokuxhomekeke kwigama elifuna ukugxininiswa.
- Qonda umxholo kunye nabaphulaphuli (Target Audience): Qinisekisa ukuba uyaqonda ukuba ubhalela bani. Umbhalo wezomthetho, woncwadi, okanye wewebhusayithi ufuna amagama kunye nethoni eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Izivesi zesiHungary zivame ukuba nethoni enobuchule kunye nesakhiwo esinzulu, ngelixa isiXhosa sibonisa intlonipho ngendlela ebonakalayo ngezimaphambili ezithile.
- Sebenzisa izixhobo zoshicilelo zale mihla ngokuhlakanipha: Izixhobo ezifana nee-CAT Tools zinganceda kakhulu ukugcina ukungaguquguquki kwamagama (consistency), kodwa kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba uhlaziyo lomntu (human editing) lwenziwa rhoqo ngenxa yobugcisa obukhethekileyo beelwimi zombini ezincamathelisayo, nto leyo enzima kakhulu kumatshini.
- Ukufundwa kwakhona (Proofreading): Soloko ufumana isithethi seelwimi zombini okanye umntu oneelwimi ezimbini ukuba sihlole kwaye siphinde sifunde umbhalo oguqulelweyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba isandi sentetho sizwakala njengolwimi lwendalo kwaye siphila ngokwendlela yendawo leyo.
Ukuguqulela phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiHungary kuvula iingcango zokudibanisa abantu beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezikude kakhulu omnye komunye. Ngokulandela le mithetho nemigaqo yelwimi kunye nokuqonda ubuhle nembali yezi lwimi, uqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ugqithiswa ngokupheleleyo, ngendlela enesidima, nangokuchanekileyo okufanelekileyo.